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2008考研英语真题【一】:2008考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
2008考研英语（一）真题及答案解析
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 they also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.
1.[A] selected[B] prepared[C] obliged[D] pleased
2.[A] unique[B] particular[C] special[D] rare
3.[A] of[B] with[C] in[D] against
4.[A] subsequently[B] presently[C] previously[D] lately
5.[A] Only[B] So[C] Even[D] Hence
6.[A] thought[B] sight[C] cost[D] risk
7.[A] advises[B] suggests[C] protests[D] objects
8.[A] progress[B] fact[C] need[D] question
9.[A] attaining[B] scoring[C] reaching[D] calculating
10.[A] normal[B] common[C] mean[D] total
11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately
[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably
12.[A] missions[B] fortunes[C] interests[D] careers
13.[A] affirm[B] witness[C] observe[D] approve
14.[A] moreover[B] therefore[C] however[D] meanwhile
15.[A] given up[B] got over[C] carried on[D] put down
16.[A] assessing[B] supervising[C] administering[D] valuing
17.[A] development[B] origin[C] consequence[D] instrument
18.[A] linked[B] integrated[C] woven[D] combined
19.[A] limited[B] subjected[C] converted[D] directed
20.[A] paradoxical[B] incompatible[C] inevitable[D] continuous
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.
21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
22.Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women
[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.
[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.
[D] are exposed to more stress.
23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be
[A] domestic and temporary.
[B] irregular and violent.
[C] durable and frequent.
[D] trivial and random.
24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that
[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.
[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
Text 2
It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it - is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the
report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.
26.In the first paragraph, the author discusses
[A] the background information of journal editing.
[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.
[D] the traditional process of journal publication.
27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
[A] It criticizes government-funded research.
[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.
[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.
28.According to the text, online publication is significant in that
[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.
[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
29.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to
[A] cover the cost of its publication.
[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.
[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.
[D] complete the peer-review before submission.
30.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?
[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.
[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.
Text 3
In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people - especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations - apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as
we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.
Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients - notably, protein - to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height - 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women - hasn’t really changed since 1960.
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.
Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”
31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to
[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.
[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..
[C] compare different generations of NBA players.
[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.
32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?
[A] Genetic modification.
[B] Natural environment.
[C] Living standards.
[D] Daily exercise.
33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.
[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.
[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.
34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future
[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.
[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.
[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.
[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.
35.The text intends to tell us that
[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.
[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.
2008考研英语真题【二】:2008年考研英语真题—答案
2008年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题答案
第一部分 USE OF ENGLISH
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10points）
The idea that some groups of people may be intelligent than others is one of those He is bird, a scientist who works any institution. He helped thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
however, might tremble at what he is about to do. Together of humanity is more intelligent than the others, hut explains the process that has Europe. The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ test, often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are 1.[A]selected [B]prepared [C]obliged [D]Pleased
2.[A]unique [B]particular [C]special [D]rare
3.[A]of [B]with [C]in [D]against
4.[A]subsequently [B]presently [C]previously [D]lately
5.[A]Only [B]So [C]Even [D]Hence
6.[A]thought [B]sight [C]cost [D]risk
7.[A]advise [B]suggests [C]protests [D]objects
8.[A]progress [B]fact [C]need [D]question
9.[A]attaining [B]scoring [C]reaching [D]calculating
10.[A]normal [B]common [C]mean [D]total
11.[A]unconsciously [B]disproportionately [C]indefinitely
[D]unaccountably
12.[A]missions [B]fortunes [C]interests [D]careers
13.[A]affirm [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve
14.[A]moreover [B]therefore [C]however [D]meanwhile
15.[A]given up [B]got over [C]carried on [D]put down
16.[A]assessing [B]supervising [C]administrating [D]valuing
17.[A]development [B]origin [C]consequence [D]instrument
18.[A]linked [B] integrated [C]woven [D]combined
19.[A]limited [B]subjected [C]converted [D]directed
20.[A]paradoxical [B]incompatible [C]inevitable [D]continuous
文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句；有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。因此，在选择具体题目答案前，把握文章中心对于理解文章语句，把握逻辑关系，确定语意衔接提供了足够的信息依据。
文章首段主题句叙述到The idea that some people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. 一些人比另一些人聪明，这一观点一直是人们不敢明确提出来的假设。
题目解析：
The idea that some groups of people may be intelligent than others is one of those
1.[A]selected [B]prepared [C]obliged [D]Pleased
2.[A]unique [B]particular [C]special [D]rare
3.[A]of [B]with [C]in [D]against
1．语意辨析题 本题目选择动词过去分词形式，构成be …to 的结构，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到But Gregory Cochran, (a noted scientific iconoclast), is… to say it anyway. “但是Gregory Cochran…无论如何也要说出来。”
选项A. selected 选择；
B. prepared 准备；
C. obliged 被迫；
D. pleased 高兴。
不难发现，选项A. selected 选择，“但是Gregory Cochran选择无论如何也
要说出来”，符合句子含义；选项B. prepared 准备，“但是Gregory Cochran准备无论如何也要说出来”，符合句子含义；选项C. obliged 被迫，“但是Gregory Cochran被迫无论如何也要说出来”，符合句子含义；选项D. pleased 高兴，“但是Gregory Cochran高兴无论如何也要说出来”，符合句子含义。在句子中四个选项似乎都合理，确定该题目为语意辨析题。前边相邻句子叙述到The idea that some people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. “一些人比另一些人聪明，这一观点一直是人们不敢明确提出来的假设。”因此，确定本句子表示准备说出来。因此，正确答案为B。
2. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语。句子叙述到He is that___ bird, a scientist who works independently____ any institution. “他是…的科学家，他的观点与其他科学家…。”
选项A. unique 独一无二的；
B. particular 特殊的，特别的；
C. special 特殊的；
D. rare 珍惜的。
不难发现，修饰“bird 鸟类”答案为rear， rear birds珍惜鸟类，引申为少之
又少的人。
3. 选择A 词汇辨析题 本题目选择介词，构成work…短语，在句子中充当谓语，句子叙述到He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently____ any institution. “他就是极少数的科学家，在所有科学家团体…他的观点是与众不同的。”
选项A. of 在…范围之内；
B. with 与…一起；
C. in 在…之中；
D. against 与…相对。
不难发现，前面单句表明他是少之又少的人，该句是表明不与他人为伍。
同时，any institution任何流派也包含着作者。因此，正确答案为A，他就是极少数的科学家，在所有科学家团体中他的观点是独立的、与众不同的。
He helped popularize the idea that some diseases to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
4.[A]subsequently [B]presently [C]previously [D]lately
4. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择副词，在句子中充当状语。句子叙述到He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not____thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. “他普及了一种观点，即某些…没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染，这一观点一经提出就引起了极大争议。”
选项A. subsequently 随后的；
B. presently 当前的；
C. previously 先前的；
D. lately 后来。
不难发现，为了于本句子中的“actually，实际上”相互呼应，要体现时间上
的先后交替关系。选项A. subsequently 随后的，“即某些随后没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染”，时间逻辑混乱，不符合句子含义；选项B. presently 当前的，“即某些当前没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染”，时间逻辑混乱，不符合句子含义；选项C. previously 先前的，“即某些以前没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染”，时间逻辑合理，符合句子含义；选项D. lately 后来，“即某些后来没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染”，时间逻辑混乱，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为C。
of what he is about to do.
5.[A]Only [B]So [C]Even [D]Hence
6.[A]thought [B]sight [C]cost [D]risk
5. 逻辑关系题 本题目选择逻辑关系词，体现句子之间的逻辑关系。句子叙述到____ he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. “但是，…是他自己在想到要做的事情时都可能在发抖。”
选项A. Only 仅仅（表示强调）；
B. So 因此（表示结果）；
C. Even 甚至，即使（表示让步，包含转折意义）；
D. Hence 因而（表示结果）。
不难发现，句子中however表示与前面的语句表示转折关系。因此，正确
答案为C。
6. 固定搭配题 本题目选择名词，构成at the…of 的搭配，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到Even he, however, might tremble at the____of what he is about to do. “但是，即使是他自己在…要做的事情时都可能在发抖。”
选项A. at the thought of 想到；
B. at the sight of 看到；
C. at the cost of 以…为代价；
D. at the risk of 冒险…。
不难发现，选项A. at the thought of 想到，“即使是他自己在想到要做的事
情时都可能在发抖”，符合句子含义；选项B. at the sight of 看到，“即使是他自己在看到要做的事情时都可能在发抖”，句子本身表达有误，“看到了”自己“要做的事情”是自相矛盾的表达，既然看到就应该是正在做，不符合句子含义；选项
C. at the cost of 以…为代价，“即使是他自己在以要做的事情为代价时都可能在发抖”，句子本身表达不合理；选项D. at the risk of 冒险，“即使是他自己在冒险要做的事情时都可能在发抖”，句子本身表达有误，既然是“冒险”就应该是正在做而不是“要做”。因此，正确答案为A。
that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, hut explains the process that has brought this about.
7.[A]advise [B]suggests [C]protests [D]objects
7. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only ____ that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. “他同两位科学家一起发表了一篇论文，论文中不仅…某些人比其他人更聪明，而且解释了导致这种情况的过程。”
选项A. advises 建议；
B. suggests 暗示，建议；
C. protests 抗议；
D. objects 反对。
不难发现，句子的主语为“a paper”论文，宾语为“that one group of humanity
is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about”一群人比另一群人聪明，并且指出了导致该现象的原因，二者之间用“暗示，表明”。选项A. advises 建议，“论文中不仅建议某些人比其他人更聪明”，“建议”是具有独立意识行为能力的人才能够发出的动作，在此不符合句子含义；选项B. suggests 暗示，建议，“论文中不仅暗示某些人比其他人更聪明”，符合句子含义；选项C. protests 抗议，“论文中不仅抗议某些人比其他人更聪明”，“抗议”是具有独立意识行为能力人才能够发出的动作，在此不符合句子含义；选项
D. objects 反对，“论文中不仅反对某些人比其他人更聪明”，“反对”是具有独立意识行为能力人才能够发出的动作，在此不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为B。
process is natural selection.
8.[A]progress [B]fact [C]need [D]question
8. 选择D 固定搭配题 本题目选择介词短语，在句子中充当定语，修饰前面的the group。句子叙述到The group____are a particular people organized from central Europe. The process is natural selection. “…的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族，整个过程就是自然选择。”
选项A. in progress 在…的进程中；
B. in fact 事实上；
C. in need 需要的；
D. in question 涉及的，谈到的。
不难发现，前文提到的一群人比另一群人更聪明，这个固定人群已经确定。选项A. in progress 在…的进程中，“进程中的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族”，句子表达含混不清，不符合句子含义；选项B. in fact 事实上，“事实上的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族”，句子表达含混不清，不符合句子含义；选项C. in need 需要的，“需要的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族”，句子表达含混不清，不符合句子含义；选项D. in question 涉及的，谈到的，“谈到的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族”，句子表达准确无误，符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为D。
This group generally do well in IQ test,
9.[A]attaining [B]scoring [C]reaching [D]calculating
10.[A]normal [B]common [C]mean [D]total
11.[A]unconsciously [B]disproportionately [C]indefinitely
[D]unaccountably
12.[A]missions [B]fortunes [C]interests [D]careers
13.[A]affirm [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve
9. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests ,____ 12-15 points “Ashkenazim在智商测试中成绩最好，…多12分到15分。”
2008考研英语真题【三】:2008年考研英语真题及答案
2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 hey also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.
1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased
2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare
3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against
4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately
5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence
6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk
7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects
8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question
9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating
10. [A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total
11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately
[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably
12. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers
13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve
14. [A] moreover [B] therefo
