【www.shanpow.com--经典句子】
【一】:专八修辞学
专八考来考去就这些东西，背就行了。
1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.
2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学
3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科
4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学
5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻, 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like或 as引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）
8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare) 隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如 “忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚) the ship of desert 沙漠之舟
9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修饰法, 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在 震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观 cruel kindness
10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.
11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him.
12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行诗体, 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式, 莎士比亚用过此诗体。
13. Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect. 俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果
14. Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group
or movement. 警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。
15. Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. 行话, 一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言.
terminology
16. Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant. 陈腔滥调, 陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的
17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重
18. onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象声词, 词的构成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音.
19. hypotaxis: 从属关系
20. parataxis: 并列结构，指 短语或分句间不用连词， 如：I came, I saw, I conquered.
21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义, 一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生和玛格丽特•富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握
22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美国
23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学, 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成www.shanpow.com_专八修辞手法。
24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant辅音 followed by a fricative摩擦; for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如 child和 joy的第一个音Also called: affricative.
25. Vanity Fair 名利场 was written William Makepeace Thackray
26. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins 尼尔．阿姆斯特朗、埃德温．奥尔德林、迈克尔．柯林斯
27. The title of the national anthem 国歌 of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。
28. Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.
29. etymology: the history of a word. 词源学
30. The dominant accent in the United States is General American. 除纽约市、南方、新英格兰
31. John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披头士或甲壳虫乐队in the 1960s.
32. In Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world’s most perfect society. 有理智和人性的马 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.
33. Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.
34. morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. 词素, 一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位，如 -ed在单词 walked中，不能被划分为更小的有
意义单位
35. The name of the famous stadium露天体育场 in the north of London is Wembley.
36. Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市](位于伦敦附近, 是著名的国际网球比赛地)
37. Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England. 烤面拖牛肉，，面拖烤香肠
38. Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（强制）. 联合抵制, 联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段
39. Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society. 种族隔离, 强制实行种族的社会分离政策及实践，如在学校、居住和工业中，尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种歧视的政策
40. Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites. 种族隔离制, 南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政策，包括在政治、法律和经济诸方面对非白色人种的歧视.
41. Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation. 种族或宗教融合, 在社会或组织中，使不同的种族或宗教派别的人处于无限制的平等的关系中；取消种族隔离
42. The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.
43. Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Greek.
44. The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.
45. Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素, 语言中最小的语音单位，如英语里 mat中的 m和 bat中的 b
46. polysemy: 一词多义
47. patron saint：保护圣徒, 守护神
48. Parentese: 父母语
49. back formation: 逆构词 脱落一词的词缀以构成新词 typewriter → typewrite
50. allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme. 语素变体, 语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，还有 en在 oxen中都是英语复数语素的语素变体.
【二】:专八考试各部分解题技巧
www.shanpow.com_专八修辞手法。专八考试各部分解题技巧
2010-2-9 9:37 中国教育网 【大 中 小】【打印】【我要纠错】
下面的作文思路是我多年研究所总结出的，同学们务必记住每一段所要包括的内容，每写出来的句子不可以少于7个单词（一但你写出来的句子少于7个单词，作文是不可能取得高分，这也是上海外国语大学改卷老师所要求的），每天坚持写作文，题目可以看下往年真题，我推荐一个方法就是背，然后用自己的话写出来。考试前我会给大家考前作文题目，上一年我压的作文题是（人生目标的重要性），最后考了下面的作文（抱负的重要性），只要我们的思路有了，什么样的作文都难不到我们。希望同学们加油。
（必要作文思路）
第1段：
Ambition is the decision one who makes resolution and carries out into action. It is a burning desire to achieve any tasks and mission in our life. Shakespeare put it, “one who has no ambition that means one who has no soul.” Indeed, once we make up our minds to accomplish our goals, then our life becomes meaningful, which almost have a bearing on all aspects of life.
1，主题定义。2，延伸主题（解释）3，引用名人名言（自编）4，对名人名言的态度（赞成还是反对）5，主题的影响（国家，社会，个人等方面）
第2段：
First aspect, ambition offers us a sense of mission （观点一和例证一）
In the second place, ambition can bring one's potentials to the full play.（观点二和例证二 ） Last but not the least,（观点三和例证三）
对比观点（好与坏）
第3段：
To sum up 1）自己的独特看法
2）主题的意义
3）问题的存在和解决方法
阅读技巧：
同学们认为阅读都是非常难的有，及格的也很少，全国平均通过率在60%左右，师范和语言院校可能会高点。
阅读方法
1） 首句尾句法（经我多年研究，阅读中的每一段的第一句和最后一句加起来就是后面5个问题的60%的答案所在地，把每一个名词和动词用铅笔划出来）
2） 作者态度题和单词互换题。（作者态度一般都是中立和积极向上的，单词互换一定要选择最简单的，因为给出的单词就是文中很难的词）www.shanpow.com_专八修辞手法。
3） 阶梯和长短选题法（这个要面授才可以懂得如何运用）这个概率是50%以上，07年的阅读20题里中了11道.不用看题也可以知道答案从哪出,但同学们的专四成绩一定要在65分以上,因为专四在60到65分之间的一般都是不及格的分,如果要通过专八,要很努力.这些同学一定要把5年的阅读全部用自己的话背下来的同时,写下来,边听边写.
4） 关键题回归法，每个问题都会有一个名词，把这个名回到回文中找（注意，找的时候一定要找它的同义词和相近词），它所在的句子一般就是答案。
5） 有时间的话通读全文，检查答案。
必考人文知识：
1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.
2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学
3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科
4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学
5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism.
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life （Shakespeare）.明喻, 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like或 as引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）
8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage（Shakespeare） 隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如 “忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”（莎士比亚） the ship of desert 沙漠之舟
9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修饰法, 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在 震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观 cruel kindness
10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.
11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him.
12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行诗体, 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式, 莎士比亚用过此诗体。
13. Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect. 俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果
14. Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement. 警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。
15. Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. 行话, 一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言. terminology
16. Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant. 陈腔滥调, 陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的
17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重
18. onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象声词, 词的构成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音.
19. hypotaxis: 从属关系
20. parataxis: 并列结构，指 短语或分句间不用连词， 如：I came, I saw, I conquered.
21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义, 一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生和玛格丽特?富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握
22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美国
23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学, 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成
24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant辅音 followed by a fricative摩擦; for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如 child和 joy的第一个音Also called: affricative.
25. Vanity Fair 名利场 was written William Makepeace Thackray
26. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins尼尔．阿姆斯特朗、埃德温．奥尔德林、迈克尔．柯林斯
27. The title of the national anthem 国歌 of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。
28. Henry David Thoreau's work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.
29. etymology: the history of a word. 词源学
30. The dominant accent in the United States is General American. 除纽约市、南方、新英格兰
31. John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披头士或甲壳虫乐队in the 1960s.
32. In Gulliver's Travels格列佛游记, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the
Houyhnhnms as the world's most perfect society. 有理智和人性的马 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.
33. Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.
34. morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. 词素, 一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位，如 -ed在单词 walked中，不能被划分为更小的有意义单位
35. The name of the famous stadium露天体育场 in the north of London is Wembley.
36. Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市]（位于伦敦附近, 是著名的国际网球比赛地）
37. Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England. 烤面拖牛肉，，面拖烤香肠
38. Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an
expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（强制）. 联合抵制, 联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段
39. Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society. 种族隔离, 强制实行种族的社会分离政策及实践，如在学校、居住和工业中，尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种歧视的政策
40. Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites. 种族隔离制, 南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政策，包括在政治、法律和经济诸方面对非白色人种的歧视.
41. Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation. 种族或宗教融合, 在社会或组织中，使不同的种族或宗教派别的人处于无限制的平等的关系中；取消种族隔离
42. The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.
43. Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Greek.
44. The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.
45. Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素, 语言中最小的语音单位，如英语里 mat中的 m
和 bat中的 b
46. polysemy: 一词多义
47. patron saint：保护圣徒, 守护神
48. Parentese: 父母语
49. back formation: 逆构词 脱落一词的词缀以构成新词 typewriter → typewrite
50. allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme. 语素变体, 语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz
【三】:演讲稿常用的五种修辞手法
演讲稿既具有较强的逻辑性，也具有一定的艺术性，对语言艺术有较高的要求。所以，讲究修辞是一篇成功演讲稿的必然要求。下面学习啦小编给大家分享演讲稿常用的五种修辞手法，欢迎阅读：
演讲稿常用的五种修辞手法：
修辞手法(1)——比拟
比拟是拟人和拟物的合称，或寄情于物，或托物言志，引起听众的共鸣和深思。比拟具有深刻、形象和幽默诙谐的特点，可以增强语言的表现力和感染力，也能增强语言的抒情色彩和喜剧效果，把精彩的论述与模形拟象的描绘融为一体，既能给人理性上的启迪，又能给人以艺术上的美感。
请看这个结尾：“作为未来教师的我，没有太高的奢望——只求用知识的雨露去浇灌幼苗。像红烛，将全部心血化为光焰，去照亮青少年一代那美好的心灵;像春蚕，为谋求人类的幸福，吐尽最后一口丝。”这是名为“我的理想之路”的演讲结尾，就用了一连串的比拟。
修辞手法(2)——排比
用三个或三个以上的意思密切相关、结构相似、语气连贯的句子排列起来就叫排比。这里需要指出，排比和对偶是有区别的，使用时应注意区分。对偶句限定为两个句子，排比可由三个或三个以上的词组或句子构成。对偶句要求上下句字数、结构均相同，而排比句只要求大体相同。对偶句可以表达相关或相反的意思。排比句不能表示相反的意思。另外，运用排比应注意两点：一是不要生拉硬凑，表达的内容中有并列的部分才能运用。只从形式考虑，有意铺排，则显得累赘，反而影响表达。二是排比句的分句或词组之间都有一定的逻辑顺序，不能颠倒和错乱。
请看下面文字中的排比运用：这种作风，拿了律己，则害了自己;拿了教人，则害了别人;拿了指导革命，则害了革命。
修辞手法(3)——引用
引用，就是演讲时引用某些原始资料、典型的原话或成语、典故、格言等，以增强说服力和演讲的动人色彩。
请看：“中国人有一句老话‘不入虎穴，焉得虎子’。这句话对于人们的实践是真理，对于认识论也是真理。离开实践的认识是不可能的。”
修辞手法(4)——数据
数据，是指在演说中运用统计部门公布的数据，以增强表达效果，强化可信度。其实，在市场经济建设的过程中，数据已成为各级领导者说明问题、论述问题时的重要内容，在工作中的地位越来越重要。
如每年的政府工作报告中，总理都会用详实准确的数据来说明经济工作中的成绩和问题，以求全面地反映当前的工作局面。
修辞手法(5)——对比
所谓对比，就是把两种不同事物或一事物的两个不同方面放在一起进行比较。演讲中恰当地运用对比手法，能使形象突出，能较全面地表现演讲者的观点，深刻揭示事物的本质特征。常用的如正义与邪恶，英勇与懦怯，伟大与渺小等等。
运用对比时，对立统一的两种事物或概念的对比叫两体对比;存在于同一事物中的两个对立面之间的对比，叫做一体两面对比
【四】:小学作文修辞手法评语
小学作文修辞手法评语
1.比喻生动、形象、贴切，本体与喻体形神相似，文章的趣味性与说服力都大大增强了。
2.适当地运用对比、比较等手法，通过事物相互间的悬殊与差异，有力地佐证文章的中心。
3.不失时机地运用排比的手法，从多方面说明事物的特征，既增强语势，又给读者留下了非常深刻的印象。
4.巧妙地运用拟人手法，使文中的物像具备了人的行为特征、人的思想情感，使之从侧面体现文中主人公的心灵历程。
【五】:作文修辞手法及作用
作文表达技巧(也称表现手法)包括三个方面，即表达方式、修辞手法和表现手法。注意表达技巧起到的作用，表达的内容和达到的效果。
作文修辞手法及作用
描绘类(作用：生动形象)：比喻(生动形象地表达[描绘]了……内涵[形态])、夸张(生动地突出了…特征)、比拟(生动传神地突出了…形象或抒发了作者…感情)、借代、通感;
结构类(作用：和谐音韵、强调突出、充沛感情)：排比、对偶、反复、顶针;
语气类(作用：增强语气、强化感情、引发思考)：设问、反问。
1.比喻，用一种事物或情景来比作另一种事物或情景。可分为明喻、暗喻、借喻。有突出事物特征，把抽象的事物形象化的作用。“遥望洞庭山水色，白银盘里一青螺”(刘禹锡《望洞庭》)诗歌巧妙地以“螺”作比，将皓月银辉下的山比做银盘里的青螺，色调淡雅，山水浑然一体。
2.借代，借用相关的事物来代替所要表达的事物。借代可用部分代表全体，具体代替抽象，用特征代替人。借代的运用使语言简练、含蓄。“知否，知否?应是绿肥红瘦“(李清照《如梦令》)诗中用“绿”和“红”两种颜色分别代替叶和花，写叶的茂盛和花的凋零。
3.夸张，对事物的形象、特征、作用、程度等作扩大或缩小的描述。有更突出、更鲜明地表达事物的作用。“白发三千丈，缘愁似个长”(李白《秋浦歌》)愁生发，诗人用夸张的手法写白发竟有“三千丈”那么长，可见愁思的深重。
4.对偶，用结构相同、字数相同的一对句子或短语来表达两个相对或相近的意思。从形式看，语言简练，整齐对称;从内容看，意义集中含蓄。“无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来”(杜甫《登高》)从篇法结构来讲，这首诗四联八句，句句皆对仗，对得圆浑自然，不见斧凿之痕。“无边落木”对“不尽长江”使诗的意境显得广阔深远，“萧萧”的落叶声对“滚滚”的水势更使人觉得气象万千。更重要的是，从这里感受到诗人韶华易逝，壮志难酬的苦痛。
5.比拟，把物当作人来描写叫拟人，或把人当作物来描写叫拟物。比拟有使读者产生联想，使描写的人、物、事表现得更形象、生动的作用。“霜禽欲下先偷眼，粉蝶如知合断魂。”(林逋《山园小梅》)这一联采用拟人的手法。“先偷眼”极写白鹤爱梅之甚，它还未来得及飞下，就迫不及待地先偷看梅花几眼;“合断魂”一词写粉蝶因爱梅而至销魂，把粉蝶对梅得喜爱之情夸张到极点。
6.排比，把内容紧密关联、结构相同或相似、语气一致的几个句子或短语接连说出来。“枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，夕阳西风瘦马”(马致远《天净沙》)纯用名词组合，构成典型环境。
7.设问，先提出问题，接着自己把看法说出。问题引入，带动全篇，中间设问，承上启下，结尾设问，深化主题，令人回味。“问人间谁是英雄?有酾酒临江，横槊曹公。”(元曲小令，阿鲁威作)以设问开篇，点明题旨，领起下面分层次地叙述三国人物的英雄业绩。
8.反问，用疑问的形式表达确定的意思。用来加强语气，表达强烈感情。“江东弟子今虽在，肯为君王卷土来?”(王安石《叠题乌江亭》)使用反问句式，语气冷峻，强调了历史之必然。
9.起兴，兴是先言他物以引起所咏之辞，“锦瑟无端五十弦，一弦一柱思华年”(李商隐的《锦瑟》)首联用瑟这种乐器起兴，由此而思及“华年”。
10.虚实结合，是指现实的景、事与想象的景、事互相映衬，交织一起表达同一样的情感。“寒蝉凄切，对长亭晚，骤雨初歇。都门帐饮无绪，留恋处兰舟催发。执手相看泪眼，竟无语凝咽。……”(柳永《雨霖铃》)上阕除“念去去千里烟波，暮霭沉沉楚天阔”外，写的都是眼前实景实事实情，写词人和心爱的人不忍分别又不得不别的心情，是实写;下阕写对别后生活的设想，是虚写，着意描绘词人孤独寂寞的心情。虚实结合，淋漓尽致写出了离别的依依不舍。
