【www.shanpow.com--英语作文】
【一】:21世纪大学英语 读写教程(第二册)课后翻译答案1-8单元
21世纪大学英语读写教程(第二册)课后翻译答
Unit1
1.老伴60多岁中风去世时，那位72岁的退休教授不胜悲痛。无人依靠的生活对他来说将是非常困难的。
When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties, the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief. Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.
2. 两位业余画家上个月在伦敦举办了一次个人画展。许多人前去参观，其中包括一些著名的专业画家。
Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London. Many people went to see it, including a few celebrated professionals.
3. 当20世纪80年代中期，7名宇航员在“挑战者”号的灾难中遇到困难时，全世界一下子陷入了震惊与悲痛之中。
When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s, it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.
4.在结束了其第二届首相任期之后，她仍积极参与政治事务。当政府遇到困难时，她屡次前来帮忙。
After completing her second prime ministry, she remained actively involved in political affairs. She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.
5.大选失败之后，史密斯博士隐退到一个小村庄，在那里尝试工作。
After his failure in the election campaign, Dr. Smith retired to a small village, where he tried his hand at farming.
6.只要你一辈子不停地努力工作，你在回忆里往事时就会感到心满意足的。 As long as you keep working hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.
7.我们现在必须唤醒人们认识到环境保护的重要性。否则很快就为时太晚了。 We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection, or it will be too late.
8.那位官员因卷入一件政治丑闻而被撤职。如果早知会落到这般地步，他当初也许就会以不同的方式行事了。
That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal. Had he known this would happen, he might have acted differently.
Unit2
1.我们班女生占大多数。相比之下，他们的班级全由男子组成。
Female students constitute the majority of our class. By contrast, their class is made up of males only.
2.美国孩子通常每天看三小时电视，而中国孩子必须将放学后的大部分时间用于做家庭作业。
American children can usually watch TV (for) three hours a day, whereas their Chinese counterparts have to work on their homework most of the time after school.
3.他开发的一系列新研究方法使他获得了巨大的成功。他说这一切都得归功于他
父母的鼓励。
His development of a series of new research methods led to his great success. He said he owed all this to his parents’ encouragement.
4.讨论直接涉及他的未来，而他却被排斥在外，对此他表示愤慨。
He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his future.
5.这些问题连续不断地出现，这表明这台新仪器必须重新调试。
The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new device has to be readjusted.
6.张华是近年来涌入美国一流大学的亚裔学生之一，他说他的许多思想都基于传统的中国哲学。
As one of the many Asian students who have surged into the best American
universities in recent years, Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on the traditional Chinese philosophy.
7.首先，杨先生如此努力工作并非只是为了钱。他一心为了教育青年人并设法激励他们在各方面都取得进步。
To start with, it is not merely money that makes Mr. Young work so hard. He is committed to educating the young and tries to motivate them to get ahead in life.
8.我们剩下的时间不多了，于是我们把车开得更快，希望能及时赶到机场。 As time was running out, we drove even faster in hopes that we could make it to the airport in time.
Unit3
1..当那份临时性的工作结束时，人家给乔治提供了一份永久性的工作，他马上就接受了。
When this temporary job came to an end, George was offered a permanent job, which he accepted at once.
2.为了确保他们在日本的合资企业盈利，那些美国公司比之语言翻译来说更需要文化翻译。
To ensure that joint ventures in Japan are profitable, the American companies need cultural translators even more than language translators.
3.作为一名文化翻译，乔治渴望帮助那些就许许多多事情来向他求救的日方雇员，包括属于他专业知识范围内和之外的问题。
As a cultural translator, George was eager to help the Japanese employees who came to ask his advice on a great many matters, both within and outside of his field of expertise.
4.乔治用某种方法说服美方经理接受了日方会计师的决定，从而缓解了两人之间的冲突。
Somehow or other, George persuaded the American manager to go along with the Japanese accountant’s decision, thus smoothing over the conflict between the two.
5.美方经理与日方经理之间的确有时会发生冲突和争论。但由于双方都很有见识进行妥协，才防止了这些冲突和争论激化为感情大战。
Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American managers and their Japanese counterparts. But since both parties have the good sense to compromise, these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional
battles.
6.所有的日方雇员，包括人事经理在内，都很感激乔治在他们遇到的众多问题上所给予的经常帮助。
All the Japanese employees, the personnel manager included, appreciated George’s frequent help with the multitude of problems they ran into.
7.我的日语口语还不足以很好地表达我的思想，所以如果我有时说了些愚蠢的话，请不要生气。
My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well. Please don’t get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.
8.张大夫对中医有精深的了解，英语也掌握的不错，所以他完全有资格培训前来中国学习中医的外国医生。
With a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good mastery of English, Dr. Zhang is highly qualified to train foreign doctors who have come to China to study Chinese medicine.
Unit4
1.庇护孩子不让他们知道自己已经失败对于他们的成长和发展是绝对无益的。 Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but beneficial to their growth and development.
2.爱默生认为在失败和成功之间并无天壤之别。
Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and failure.
3.一个成熟的人是一个善于把失败变为成功的人。
A mature man is one who is good at turning failure into success.
4.她醉心于在溜冰方面取得的成功，从未对现实世界的挑战做好准备。 She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice-skating that she never prepared herself for the challenges of the real world.
5.当他得知自己的公司已经破产时，完全崩溃了。
He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company bad gone bankrupt.
6.史密斯先生在谈到他的成功时，往往夸大其辞。
When talking about his success, Mr. Smith is very prone to exaggeration.
7.这家公司开始只卖收音机，但现在已扩大营业范围，销售电脑了。
The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling computers as well.
8.事实上，失败并不是可怕的东西。一旦我们学会应用它，它就能对我们的成长和发展做出积极的贡献。
In fact, failure is nothing to be afraid. Once we learn how to use it, it can make a positive contribution to our growth and development.
Unit5
1.这所大学只提供给普里西拉一小笔贷款，余下的钱得靠她自己去筹划。 The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with the rest of the money herself.
2.凭着她在餐馆工作的微薄收入，玛丽几乎无法维持生活。因此，她已在所住的公寓大楼里找了一些清扫大楼的工作做。
With the small income from her restaurant job, Mary could barely make (both) ends meet. That’s why she had found some cleaning work to do in the apartment building where she lived.
3.在头两个学期她经常熬夜学习，因为她知道必须在班上取得最高的平均积点才有资格获得那份奖学金。
In the first two semesters, she often stayed up late studying because she knew she had to get the highest GPA in her class to qualify for the scholarship.
4.任何人想在那家公司找到工作，即使没有博士学位，至少也得有个硕士学位，不然就不会被录用。
Anyone who wants to find employment in/with that company must have at least a mater’s degree, if not a Ph. S. Otherwise he or she will not be accepted.
5.只要你全心全意地投身于学习，你终将会达到你成为一名考古学家的长远目标。
Only if you threw yourself into your studies will you ultimately achieve your long-term goal of becoming an archaeologist.
6.在办公室里贝思看上去一直很开心，脸上随时带着微笑。但在内心深处她已厌倦了做秘书。她想做点有创意的事情。
In the office Beth always looked happy and had a ready smile. But deep down, she was tired of being a secretary. She wanted to do something more creative.
7.我父亲是来自墨西哥的农业季节工人。当我被华盛顿大学录取，成为我家上大学的第一人时，他高兴极了。
A migrant farm laborer from Mexico, my father was overjoyed when I was accepted by the University of Washington and became the first person in my family to attend college.
8.普里西拉回忆起初艰苦奋斗年月时说，在工作和学习之间取得平衡是不容易的。
When Priscilla looked back on her years of hard struggle, she said that it was no easy job to balance work and study.
Unit 6
1.专攻理论宇宙学的英国科学家斯蒂芬·霍金被公认为二十世纪末叶最伟大的天才。
Stephen Hawking, a British scientist specializing in theoretical cosmology, has been proclaimed the greatest genius of the late 20th century.
2.每推出一张新唱片，这位歌手总梦想着它能跻身电台的排行榜前十名之列。 Every time he releases a new record, the singer dreams of its earning a place in the “top-ten” list on the radio.
3.位于伦敦西北的牛津大学以其学术成就而闻名遐迩。
Located in the northwest of London, Oxford University is noted far and wide for its academic excellence.
4.作为一位智力超群的伟人，爱因斯坦使现代人对于时空有了全新的概念。 An intellectual giant, Einstein was responsible for modern man’s new concept of time and space.
5.这项医学研究的目的在于找到医治遗传性血液疾病的新疗法，因为现在使用的药物不能治愈这些复杂的疾病。
This medical research is aimed at finding new treatment for inherited blood diseases, because the drugs now in use cannot cure these complicated diseases.
6.今年是我校建校一百周年纪念。我校最初是一家私塾，现已成为一所以理论研究见长的世界名牌大学。
This year is the one hundredth anniversary of the founding of our university. A private school initially, it has now become a world-famous university specializing in theoretical research.
7.两年前，鲍勃对他餐馆经理的工作感到厌倦了；幸好他获得了一份州立大学的奖学金。
Two years ago, Bob was feeling bored with his job as a restaurant manager. Luckily, he won a scholarship to the state university.
8.当被问及斯蒂芬在大学时是什么样的学生时，当时任物理系系主任的怀特教授回忆道：“他给我的印象是个非常聪明的学生，具有一种对物理本能的洞察力。”
Asked what kind of student Stephen was at college, Prof. White, the then Chairman of the Physics Department, recalls, “He impressed me as a very” bright student with an instinctive insight into physics.”
Unit7.1.他在尝试制订促进思考艺术的新计划时脑子里闪过了一个绝妙的主意。
A brilliant idea flashed into his mind while he was trying to formulate a new plan to promote the art of thinking.
2.不管你怎么看他，都没有理由怀疑他是蓄意造成这一骇人故事的。
Regardless of what you may think of him, there is no reason to suspect him of bringing about this horrible accident deliberately.
3.他转过身来正好看见玛丽在聚会中途悄悄离去，因而感到非常不安。
He turned round just in time to catch Mary sneaking off in the middle of the party, which greatly disturbed him.
4.他那些尖刻的话使我想起了他对足球教练的强烈不满。其实它们纯粹是来自偏见，并使他自己为大部分队友所疏远。
His sharp words reminded me of the strong resentment he feels toward his soccer coach. Actually they come from pure prejudice and most of his teammates shun him for it.
5.现在整个书房归乔治独用了，他准备把沙发搬出去以腾出地方来放他的新书桌。
Now that George has the whole study to himself, he is going to move the sofa out to make room for his new desk.
6.他对工作忽视太久了，别说一个星期，就是一个月也不可能赶完它。
He has neglected his work for too long and it is impossible for him to catch up on it in a month, let alone in a week.
7.解决他的问题的最好办法是向精神病专家作些咨询。但如果他拒绝这种咨询怎么办？ The best solution to his problem lies in seeing a psychiatrist for counseling. But what if he refuses such counseling?
8.虽然他声称是现实主义者，但他好像对他的公司资金正在耗尽且可能很快就会陷入困境这一事实视而不见。
While he claims to be a realist, he seems blind to the fact that his company is running out of funds and will be in serious trouble soon.
Unit 8.1.不成文的规定比成文的规定更有力地规范着我们的生活和行为。
【二】:21世纪大学英语读写教程第一册答案
21世纪大学英语读写教程答案
Unit 1
Text A
Exercise
V
1. solutions
2. ignore
3. persuade
4. assign
5. deadline
6. approach
7. stuck
8. essentials
9. managed
10. necessarily
11. retained
12. due, draft
VI
1. put in
2. make the most of
3. put down
4. lead to
5. get her hands on
6. put away our picnic things
7. to stick to
8. time after time
9. has cut down on smoking
10. counts for much more
VIII
1. thus cutting down on our costs
2. while having his breakfast
3. so that he can memorize a couple of new words everyday while cooking his meals
4. thus greatly increasing his reading speed
5. while studying Chinese modern history at Beijing University
6. thus being able to do very well in their work
7. while doing his homework
8. so that you can become one, too
IX
1. used to go
2. got used to getting
3. used to study, has got used to working
4. used to say
5. used to write, got used to communicating
XI
1. went unnoticed
2. go unpunished
3. go uncorrected
4. goes unnoticed, unmentioned
5. go unreported
XIII. Translation
1. Tom, a very curious boy, is interested not only in whats but also in whys and hows.
2. According to Professor Smith, happiness is the ability to make the most of what
you have.
3. You’d better keep the book where your 15-year-old son can’t get his hands on it.
4. The story was so funny that Bill kept laughing all the time while reading it.
5. High-achieving students do not necessarily put in more time at their studies than their lower-scoring classmates.
6. How did you manage to persuade these students to take the speed-reading course?
7. Working hard is important, but knowing how to make the most of one’s abilities counts for much more.
8. She asked her students to think for themselves rather than telling them what to think.
Text B
Exercise
I
1. opposite
2. preference
3. located
4. feasible
5. perspective
6. have shifted
7. concern
8. attractive
9. survive
10. transfer
11. prospect
12. particularly
13. treasure
14. Despite
II
1. on the other hand
2. keep up
3. As for
4. for good
5. turned out
6. come of age
7. what if
8. welled up Unit 2
Text A
Exercise
III
1. response
2. bounced
3. Conversation
4. previous
5. encouragement
6. parallel
IV
1. entirely
2. objection
3. challenged
4. original
5. responsible
6. relative
7. halfway
8. startled
9. simply
10. back and forth
11. joined in
12. just as
13. knocked down
14. came to a halt
15. Even if
16. fell apart
V
1. unconsciously
2. response
3. previous
4. suitable
5. even though
6. disagree
7. topic
8. calling on
9. switchedwww.shanpow.com_21世纪大学英语读写教程1（第三版）。
10. and so on
11. in line
12. take turns
VI
1. Excellence
2. independence
3. intelligence
4. significance
【三】:21世纪大学英语第三册读写教程课后答案(1-4)(2)
VII
a person who is taking an exam 应试者
one to whom something is referred, esp. for decision or settlement 裁判
a person who is appointed to a job or position 被任命者
a person who has been forced to leave his country, home, etc. and seek refuge 避难者，难民
the person to whom a letter, etc. is addressed 收件人
a person who is being trained 受训者
a person who has escaped from somewhere 逃脱者
a person who stays away 缺席者
a person to whom money is or should be paid 受款人
B 1.examinee 2.trainee 3.absentee 4.refugees 5.addressee 6.escapee
VIII
albatross: crane (鹤，鹭), eagle (鹰), pigeon (鸽子), owl (猫头鹰), penguin (企鹅) — all birdspterodactyl:
mosquito (蚊子), cricket (蟋蟀) — all have wings, but they aren't birds; seal:
seal (海豹): donkey (驴), dolphin (海豚) — all mammals; or
seal (海豹): penguin (企鹅) — live both on land and in the water; orseal (印记，图记): crane (起重机), cricket (板球), sponge (海绵状物) — all haveother meanings unrelated to animals
shark:
dolphin (海豚), sponge (海绵) — all live underwater
IX
1.Having too many people on the team slows our work down rather than speeding it up.
2.He wanted to make his living as a teacher rather than as a businessman.
3.In most modern societies women are treated as professional equals rather than [as] servants.
4."Body language" refers to communication through the way you move rather than to speech.
5.He preferred to sit quietly in class rather than risk giving an answer that might be wrong.
6.Andrew is convinced that love rather than money is the key to happiness.
7.Many people nowadays communicate by e-mail rather than (by) phones and faxes.
8.Mrs. Kester made students think for themselves rather than telling them what to think.
X
1.if only to attract more readerswww.shanpow.com_21世纪大学英语读写教程1（第三版）。
2.if only to have a brief check-up
3.if only to make a good impression on his
4.if only to warn others about how dangerous it is to be so careless
5.if only to stop youself getting so bored at home
XI
1.make itself felt
2.make your views known
3.make myself heard
4.make yourself understood
5.make Anthony interested
XII
上学的孩子们中间有一种普遍的错误想法，即认为他们的老师当年都是些神童。不管怎么说，除了不像一般孩子那样生性贪玩、不愿学习的书呆子之外，还有谁愿意长大后当老师呢?我竭力向我的学生们解释我在他们心目中的形象—— 一个在青春期热衷于书本和作业的人——有一点被扭曲了。相反，我极为憎恨义务教育。我永远都无法接受在鱼儿上钩时不得不去上学的想法。
XIII
1.Tom (was) transferred to our school last year. He hung on Miss Young's every word in class and soon became the apple of her eye.
2.Seeing his daughter graduate from high school, he felt a surge of love and pride that he couldn't express in words.
3.Last year when Mr. Li first began his venture into the stock market, becoming a millionaire was beyond his wildest dreams.
4.On my holiday, I was lucky enough to witness some wild seals feeding on fish. I took several photos of them, but unfortunately they were all out of focus.
5.The prince has been going steady with the actress for three years and nothing can alter their plan to get married next week.
6.It is a complete misconception that the poor do not need compulsory education because they do not even have enough to feed on. Without education, how can poor people ever overcome their poverty?
7.All of David's classmates are completely stumped — no one can work out how he became a top student overnight.
8.It was obvious that her rejection of his proposal hit him hard, but in time he recovered from his wounds.
XIV CDDCA BBACC BCBBD BCC
TEXT B
IV 1,furious 2,wage 3,coach 4,werdict 5,punishment 6,options 7,license 8,bystanders 9,collision 10,mechanic
V 1,setting on 2,spread out 3,lost my cool 4,picked up 5,make up 6,stood out
3单元
TEXT A
II
1,A sense of wonder that lasts all their lives.
2,Their feeling that they know too little about nature.
3,Because only once the emotions have been aroused, do we then wish for knowledge about the object of our emotional response. Then once found, such knowledge has far more lasting meaning than mere information.
4,They can still look up at the sky, listen to the wind, feel the rain on their face and contemplate the perfume and flavour of a fruit. City-dwellers can find a park or a golf course where they can observe the migrations of birds and the changing seasons, or plant a seed in a pot in the kitchen window.
5,She means paying more attention to the sensations and information we get from our senses. She suggests that we ask ourselves: "What if I had never seen this before? What if I knew I would never see it again?"
6,She answers the second question first: "Is the exploration of the natural world just a pleasant way to pass the golden hours of childhood or is there something deeper?"She is "sure there is something much deeper, something lasting and significant." The value she sees in it is inner peace, strength and satisfaction, as outlined in paragraph 7.
7,She is referring to the repeating cycles of nature, and to emotional/spiritual healing. As an example of a person who never lost his sense of wonder, no matter how old he became.www.shanpow.com_21世纪大学英语读写教程1（第三版）。
8,When he realized he was going to die soon. His statement shows that his sense of wonder extended even to death itself.
III 1,symbolic 2,dimmed 3,confront 4,misfortune 5,concerning 6,moods7,assimilate
8,pondering 9,arousing 10,recognition 11,healing 12,keen
V
These are open-ended questions with no "correct" or "incorrect" answers — anything grammatical that shows understanding of the target vocabulary is excellent. Please make sure the students understand that this exercise is an opportunity for them to practice their English as they feel is appropriate and useful for them. Their answers can be whole paragraphs, or just single sentences; and/or they can produce several different short answers to each question — it's up to them. The only requirement is that they use at least one of the vocabulary items in each sentence they write (and that the sentences make some kind of sense!)
VI 1,inexpensive,infrequent 2,inexact 3,inefficient 4,inoffensive 5,insincere
6,insensitive 7,independent 8,indefinite
VII 1,solar,lunar 2,diurnal 3,annual 4,mental 5,maternal 6,dental 7,oral
8,vocal 9,thermal
VIII
A,HELL 地狱 is a place or condition ,not a creature
Dragon 龙 the only animal
Devil 魔鬼
Fairy 小仙子
【四】:21世纪大学英语第三册读写教程课后答案(1-4)
21世纪高等院校教材作为国家教委组织攻关的项目,正在各高校、各学科中进行酝酿、计划、编写之中。而21世纪大学英语教材更受人瞩目。
21世纪大学英语第三册 读写教程课后答案(1-4)
读写教程课后答案
1单元
TEXT A
III 1.compulsory 2.relish 3.confidence 4.consequences 5.incentive 6.henceforth
7.invest 8.perceive 9.passion 10.scheming
IV
1.going steady with Richard
2.in time
3.played into his enemy's hands
4.beyond her wildest dreams
5.hung on Michael's every word or hung on Michael's words
6.out of focus
7.feed on
8.the apple of Chris's eye
9.filed into the courtroom
10.poring over their collection
V
1.most obvious:gaze,beam,widen
2.most obvious:betray,sigh,frown
3.most obvious:glorious,revelation,stump
VI
A
1.actress 2.empress 3.goddes 4.mistress 5.waitress 6.lioness
7.priestess 8.heiress
B
1.Goddess 2.waitresses,actresses 3.Lionesses 4.mistresses
VII
a person who is taking an exam 应试者
one to whom something is referred, esp. for decision or settlement 裁判
a person who is appointed to a job or position 被任命者
a person who has been forced to leave his country, home, etc. and seek refuge 避难者，难民
the person to whom a letter, etc. is addressed 收件人
a person who is being trained 受训者
a person who has escaped from somewhere 逃脱者
a person who stays away 缺席者
a person to whom money is or should be paid 受款人
B 1.examinee 2.trainee 3.absentee 4.refugees 5.addressee 6.escapee
VIII
albatross: crane (鹤，鹭), eagle (鹰), pigeon (鸽子), owl (猫头鹰), penguin (企鹅) — all birdspterodactyl:
mosquito (蚊子), cricket (蟋蟀) — all have wings, but they aren't birds; seal:
seal (海豹): donkey (驴), dolphin (海豚) — all mammals; or
seal (海豹): penguin (企鹅) — live both on land and in the water; orseal (印记，图记): crane (起重机), cricket (板球), sponge (海绵状物) — all haveother meanings unrelated to animals
shark:
dolphin (海豚), sponge (海绵) — all live underwater
IX
1.Having too many people on the team slows our work down rather than speeding it up.
2.He wanted to make his living as a teacher rather than as a businessman.
3.In most modern societies women are treated as professional equals rather than [as] servants.
4."Body language" refers to communication through the way you move rather than to speech.
5.He preferred to sit quietly in class rather than risk giving an answer that might be wrong.
6.Andrew is convinced that love rather than money is the key to happiness.
7.Many people nowadays communicate by e-mail rather than (by) phones and faxes.
8.Mrs. Kester made students think for themselves rather than telling them what to think.
X
1.if only to attract more readers
2.if only to have a brief check-up
3.if only to make a good impression on his
4.if only to warn others about how dangerous it is to be so careless
5.if only to stop youself getting so bored at home
XI
1.make itself felt
2.make your views known
3.make myself heard
4.make yourself understood
5.make Anthony interested
XII
上学的孩子们中间有一种普遍的错误想法，即认为他们的老师当年都是些神童。不管怎么说，除了不像一般孩子那样生性贪玩、不愿学习的书呆子之外，还有谁愿意长大后当老师呢?我竭力向我的学生们解释我在他们心目中的形象—— 一个在青春期热衷于书本和作业的人——有一点被扭曲了。相反，我极为憎恨义务教育。我永远都无法接受在鱼儿上钩时不得不去上学的想法。
XIII
1.Tom (was) transferred to our school last year. He hung on Miss Young's every word in class and soon became the apple of her eye.
2.Seeing his daughter graduate from high school, he felt a surge of love and pride that he couldn't express in words.
3.Last year when Mr. Li first began his venture into the stock market, becoming a millionaire was beyond his wildest dreams.
4.On my holiday, I was lucky enough to witness some wild seals feeding on fish. I took several photos of them, but unfortunately they were all out of focus.
5.The prince has been going steady with the actress for three years and nothing can alter their plan to get married next week.
6.It is a complete misconception that the poor do not need compulsory education because they do not even have enough to feed on. Without education, how can poor people ever overcome their poverty?
7.All of David's classmates are completely stumped — no one can work out how he became a top student overnight.
8.It was obvious that her rejection of his proposal hit him hard, but in time he recovered from his wounds.
XIV
CDDCA BBACC BCBBD BCC
TEXT B
IV 1,furious 2,wage 3,coach 4,werdict 5,punishment 6,options 7,license 8,bystanders 9,collision 10,mechanic
V 1,setting on 2,spread out 3,lost my cool 4,picked up 5,make up 6,stood out
2单元
TEXT A
III 1.compulsory 2.relish 3.confidence 4.consequences 5.incentive 6.henceforth
7.invest 8.perceive 9.passion 10.scheming
IV
1.going steady with Richard
2.in time
3.played into his enemy's hands
4.beyond her wildest dreams
5.hung on Michael's every word or hung on Michael's words
6.out of focus
7.feed on
8.the apple of Chris's eye
9.filed into the courtroom
10.poring over their collection
V
1.most obvious:gaze,beam,widen
2.most obvious:betray,sigh,frown
3.most obvious:glorious,revelation,stump
VI
A 1.actress 2.empress 3.goddes 4.mistress 5.waitress 6.lioness 7.priestess 8.heiress
B 1.Goddess 2.waitresses,actresses 3.Lionesses 4.mistresses
【五】: 21世纪大学英语读写教程(第二册)课文翻译(1-4单
21世纪高等院校教材作为国家教委组织攻关的项目,正在各高校、各学科中进行酝酿、计划、编写之中。而21世纪大学英语教材更受人瞩目。
21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册的课文翻译(1-4单元)
UNIT 1 TEXT A
温斯顿•丘吉尔——他的另一种生活
玛丽•索姆斯
我的父亲温斯顿·丘吉尔是在40几岁开始迷恋上绘画的，当时他正身处逆境。1915年，作为海军大臣，他深深地卷入了达达尼尔海峡的一场战役。原本那次战役是能够缩短一场血腥的世界大战的，但它却失败了，人员伤亡惨重，为此丘吉尔作为公务员和个人都付出了代价：他被免去了海军部的职务，失去了显赫的政治地位。
“我本以为他会因忧伤而死的。”他的妻子克莱门泰因说。被这一不幸压垮的他同家人一起退隐到萨里郡的一个乡间居处---耘锄农场。在那儿，正如丘吉尔日后所回忆的，“绘画女神拯救了我!”
一天他正在花园里漫步，正巧碰上他的弟妹在用水彩画素描。他观看了她几分钟，然后借过她的画笔，试了一下身手----于是缪斯女神施展了她的魔法。自那天以后，温斯顿便爱上了绘画。
任何能让沉浸在忧思中的温斯顿分心的事情都让克莱门泰因高兴。于是，她赶紧去买来她所能找到的各种颜料和画具。水彩颜料、油画颜料、纸张、帆布画布---很快耘锄农场里便堆满了一个绘画者可能想要或需要的各样东西。
画油画最终成了温斯顿的一大爱好---但是最初几步却出奇地艰难。他凝视着他的第一块空白画布，异乎寻常地紧张。他日后回忆道：“我迟疑不决地选了一管蓝色颜料，然后小心翼翼地在雪白的底子上的画上蚕豆般大小的一笔。就在这时，我听到车道上传来一辆汽车的声音，于是惊恐地丢下我的画笔。当我看清是谁从汽车里走出来时，更是惊慌失措。来者正是住在附近的著名画家约翰·莱佛利爵士的妻子。
“‘在画画呢!’她大声说道。‘多么有趣。可你还在等什么呢? 把画笔给我---大的那支。’她猛地用笔蘸起颜料，还没等我缓过神来，她已经挥笔泼墨在惊恐不已的画布上画下了有力的几道蓝色。谁都看得出画布无法回击。我不再迟疑。我抓起那支最大的画笔，迅猛异常地向我可怜的牺牲品扑了过去。自那以后，我再也不曾害怕过画布。”
后来教丘吉尔画画的莱佛利曾经说起过他这位不同寻常的学生的艺术才能：“如果他当初选择的是绘画而不是政治，他定会成为一位驾驭画笔的大师。”
在绘画中，丘吉尔发现了一个将陪他走过大半人生的伴侣。1921年，他的母亲去世，两个月后，他又失去了他和克莱门泰因的3岁爱女玛丽戈尔德。那时，绘画是他的慰藉。悲痛欲绝的温斯顿住到了苏格兰朋友们的家中---并在他的绘画中寻得安慰。他写信给克莱门泰因：“我外出画了一条在午后阳光下的美丽的河流，背景是红色和金黄色的山峦。爱怜的思绪油然而生……啊，我一直感受到失去玛丽戈尔德的痛楚。”
生命、爱和希望慢慢地复苏了。1922年9月，克莱门泰因和温斯顿的另一个孩子出生了：那就是我。同年，温斯顿买下了查特威尔，这是他将在以后40年里画出其所有不同风貌的他所钟爱的家。
20世纪20年代中期，我父亲在伦敦举行的一次享有盛名的业余画展中赢得了一等奖，当时他一定颇为得意。参赛作品不署名，所以一些评委坚持认为温斯顿的画---有关查特威尔的第一批画作中的一幅---是一位专业画家而不是一位业余画家的作品，所以应该取消其参赛资格。但最后，他们同意信赖那位艺术家的诚实，而在得知那幅画为丘吉尔所作时他们都很高兴。
史学家们一直把1929年温斯顿再次被免职后的10年称为他无所作为的十年。也许政治上那些年(他)的确毫无作为，因为他一个人大声疾呼，想要唤醒英国人认识到来自希特勒的威胁，然而响应者寥寥无几。但在艺术上，那些年却硕果累累：现存的500多幅丘吉尔的油画中，约有一半作于1930年至1939年之间。
绘画始终是丘吉尔的一种乐趣，直到他生命的结束。“画家是幸福的，”他在他的《作为一种消遣的绘画》一书中写道，“因为他们不会孤独。光线与色彩，宁静与希望，将终日伴随着他们。”对我的父亲来说也是这样。
UNIT 1 TEXT B
穷人的小修女
肖尼思·L·伍德瓦德
凭着钢铁般的意志和一颗爱心，德肋撒嬷嬷为印度和全世界垂死和绝望的人们鞠躬尽瘁。
当她上周在加尔各答去世时---刚刚过了87岁生日没有几天---她被全世界的人们称为德肋撒嬷嬷。在过去两年里，瘦削而背驼的她因多种疾病而一直住在医院里。那天晚上，吃过晚饭，作完祈祷之后，她诉说她的背痛。“我无法呼吸。”她告诉被叫到她身边来的一位医生。过了不一会儿，她就去世了。之后不久，她的修女们敲响了一只巨大的金属钟，外面，约有4,000人聚集在雨中---其中有许多她曾长期救助过的街头流浪者。病房内，德肋撒嬷嬷的遗体被洗净，穿好衣服，被安置在一张冰床上。修女们排着队一个接一个地走过去触摸她赤裸的脚，这是印度一种传统的表示敬意的动作。
被众人尊为活圣人的德肋撒嬷嬷也许是世界上最受人崇敬的女性。当她出现在约翰·保罗二世的身边时，是教皇站在了这位瘦小的修女的阴影之中。虽然她是一名罗马天主教徒，但她的简朴和对垂死者、被遗弃者、流浪者的真切关怀却超越了宗教和国籍的界限。“从血统和原籍讲，我是阿尔巴尼亚人，”她曾这样谈到自己，“我的公民身份是印度人。我是一名天主教修女。就我的神职而言，我属于全世界。”
当德肋撒修女第一次来到印度时，她教加尔各答贫民窟里的孩子们读书，那些孩子的父母因为太穷而无法送他们上学。孩子们叫她德肋撒嬷嬷，而她也的确成了妈妈。一天，她日后回忆道，她发现有一个“几乎被老鼠吃掉的”女人躺在街上。她坐到她身边，轻抚着她的头，直到那女人死去。随着这番经历，一个新的使命---也是一个新的宗教团体---诞生了。她认定她的目标将是照料那些在她所移居的城市街头与贫民窟中比比皆是的“没人要、没人爱也没人照顾的”人们。为了这个目标，她在自己周围聚集了一小批修女。
德肋撒嬷嬷的第一家看护所开在一家曾为前来朝圣印度教的死亡女神卡莉神殿的人们提供食宿的旧招待所里。她和她的修女们将它改建成一个收容所。在那儿，那些被他们发现遗弃在加尔各答街头的身处绝境的人们得以平静地死去。
看护所的邻居们很讨厌那些呻吟声和臭味，他们向政府当局提出了抗议。但是，当一名警察局长赶来关闭看护所时，那恐怖凄惨的景象使他深感震惊，他说只有当邻居们说服他们的妻子和姐妹来接管修女们发起的工作时，他才会阻止德肋撒嬷嬷。没有人站出来。
为临终的人们建立收容所是德肋撒嬷嬷的标志性贡献。贫穷是她选择的生活方式。 当教皇保罗六世把他在1964年访问加尔各答期间用过的一辆昂贵的汽车送给她时，她未曾跨入车内就把它卖了， 用这笔钱在西孟加拉邦建立了一个看护所。
今天，德肋撒嬷嬷的修道会已有4 500多名修女和遍布126个国家的550个中心。他们所关注的范围也已经扩展到收容爱滋病患者、吸毒成瘾者和家庭暴力的受害者。在德肋撒嬷嬷的领导下，修女们曾为埃塞俄比亚的饥民提供食品，为切尔诺贝利的辐射受害者治病，并向美国一次地震后无家可归的家庭提供援助。
这中间， 没有一件事是仅仅通过祈祷完成的。德肋撒嬷嬷有着铁一般坚强的决心，她为赢得人们对其看护所的支持所作的不懈努力几乎令人无法抗拒。教会当局和政府当局屈服于她的论辩; 想要参与其工作的国家元首们拜访她甚至恳请她在他们的国家设立看护所。她接受名望只是以此为代价来扩大其神职活动的范围。
随着她的声名远扬，她的荣誉也与日俱增。其中最重要的是“莲花主”勋章或称“印度的宝石”奖---该国最高的平民奖---以及1979年的诺贝尔和平奖。应她的要求，诺贝尔委员会取消了通常为获奖者举行的盛大宴会，把钱捐给了穷人们。
但是也有人批评德肋撒嬷嬷。妇女权利的倡导者们对于她坚决反对堕胎和节育提出了抗议。有些医学权威说她的工作使一些国家的政府忽视了它们对社会最贫穷成员应尽的责任。连天主教会有时也对她独立的行事方式感到不安。但是对于千百万称她为妈妈的印度人来说，对于千百万深深崇敬她的无数善行的人们来说，德肋撒嬷嬷点亮了一条通往圣洁的道路，并邀请他人跟随。
UNIT1 TEXT C
威尔士王妃黛安娜 (1961--1997)
威尔士王妃黛安娜·斯宾塞女士上周在一场车祸中丧生。其时，她和同伴多迪·阿尔费德在巴黎受到一些摄影师的快速追逐，就在他们试图逃避这些摄影师时，车祸发生了。
黛安娜在她广受公众注目的17年期间，从英国王储清纯可爱的未婚妻“羞涩的黛”，逐渐成为全世界上镜头最多的女性“黛王妃”。最终，由于她对多项人道主义事业的关怀，由于她以自己的方式让世人懂得了王室成员也有人性而受到千千万万人的爱戴，成为人们“心目中的女王”。
黛安娜是斯宾塞伯爵及其第一位夫人的幼女。在她父母苦恼的婚姻以离婚告终时，她还是个孩子。她在英国和瑞士的私立学校接受教育，后来在伦敦的一所幼儿园接受了一份非全日性工作。1984年2月，她与家族世交威尔士王子查尔斯宣布订婚，于是媒体和公众立即爱上了她的美貌、她的优雅风度和娇羞迷人的举止。
随着她不断变化的发型和愈益昂贵的衣著，“黛王妃”迅速成为一种时尚的象征。出版商们出大钱购买王妃的照片，而那些无孔不入的摄影师们则到处跟踪她，使媒体上充满了有关她私生活的照片。
王妃常被人批评为浅薄的沽名钓誉者，但她却利用自己的名声把公众的注意力集中到许多人道主义事业上。她对医院、诊所和收容所的礼节性访问无一不充满了温暖的关怀，她花费许多时间同生病的孩子在一起玩耍，握着艾滋病患者的手，倾听穷人们的悲惨遭遇。英国公众看惯了英国王室的拘谨和古板，对王妃的这些举动欣喜不已。
然而，危机却悄悄地孳长。黛安娜与查尔斯的婚姻遇上了麻烦。王妃还要对付许多个人的烦恼，其中包括抑郁症和饮食紊乱。黛安娜不习惯经常受到公众注目;她与王室之间的冲突也在不断增多，因为王室成员认为，她的行为举止不完全符合王妃的身份。使他们感到尴尬的是，王子与王妃的婚姻破裂成为媒体的重大新闻，新闻报道说，查尔斯和黛安娜都怒气冲冲地恶言相向。这对夫妇于1993年正式分居，1996年离婚。
然而，对全世界千百万个黛安娜的仰慕者来说，她的魅力并未因为这场糟糕的分居和离异而有所消减。恰恰相反，关于她的不幸婚姻和许多个人烦恼的传闻却拉近了她与公众的距离。虽然黛安娜不再拥有王妃殿下的头衔，但她仍然是一位未来国王的母亲。她置广泛的批评于不顾，继续支持她所信仰的各种事业。 1997年1月，当她在安哥拉旅行时宣称，她去那个国家旅行是为了支持红十字会发起的在世界反对使用地雷的运动时，她使英国政府颇感吃惊。她的支持与英国在这个问题上的官方政策发生了抵触，因而英国政府的要员在报刊上愤怒地攻击了王妃。然而当一位大臣暗示说，黛安娜缺乏理解地雷问题的智力时，媒体和国际公众都纷纷出面声援黛安娜，表达了对他们“心目中的女王”的势不可挡的支持。
黛安娜在一场毫无意义的车祸中突然丧生这一事件震惊了世界。人们对这位“人民的王妃”倾注了无限的哀伤，促使英国王室打破传统，安排了一场向全世界电视直播的丧礼，同时政府还制定了建造永久性纪念馆的计划。甚至当年曾经批评过她的人也承认，由于黛安娜富于感情的人性精神和给死气沉沉的君主政体带进一股清新空气的才能，她将作为20世纪最受爱戴的人物之一为人们所怀念。
UNIT 2 TEXT A
他们为何出类拔萃
富克斯·巴特菲尔德
当郑金枝的父亲用积蓄的钱为她买了一张票，让她乘上一条将带她离开越南的渔船时，她才9岁。对这个家庭来说，将金枝送上小船，置身于陌生人中间，是一种令人心碎、代价昂贵的牺牲。他们只愿她最终能到达美国，在那儿受到良好的教育，享受更美好的生活。
对小女孩来说，这是一次充满危险的艰苦旅程。在小船到达安全之地以前很久，食物和水的贮备已经用完。当金枝最终到达美国后，她又不得不同一连3个收养家庭相处。但是当她1998年从圣地亚哥的帕特里克·亨利中学毕业时，她取得了全优的成绩以及这个国家最享盛名的几所大学提供的奖学金。
“我必须取得好成绩，”这个现为康奈尔大学二年级学生的19岁姑娘说，“这样我才对得起在越南的父母。”
金枝是一群聪明伶俐、积极进取的美籍亚裔中的一员，他们正突然潮水般地涌入我们最好的大学。虽然美籍亚裔只占全国人口的2.4%，但他们在哈佛的本科生中却占了17.1%，在麻省理工学院占了18%，在加州大学伯克利分校占了27.3%。
为什么美籍亚裔的成绩这样优秀呢? 他们是否像一些陈旧的看法所暗示的那样是些埋头用功的学生? 他们是否有更高的智商? 或者在我们一向珍视，但也许已经丢失的价值观----如敬业、家庭和教育等方面，我们是否可以向他们学到一些有用的东西呢?
并非所有的亚裔人都学得一样好;比如，没受过什么教育的柬埔寨难民的孩子就常常需要特殊的帮助。许多美籍亚裔人不喜欢被称为“模范的少数民族”，他们感到这是美国白人的逆向歧视----虽与1965年以前排斥大多数亚洲移民进入美国的法律截然不同，但仍是一种偏见。
亚裔年轻人的成绩已经引发了一系列引人注目的研究。也许最令人不安的结果来自于密歇根大学心理学家哈罗德·W·斯蒂文森进行的研究。他将芝加哥和明尼阿波利斯7000多名幼儿园、一年级、三年级和五年级的学生同他们在北京、台北和仙台的同级伙伴作了比较。在一组数学测试中，美国学生在所有的年级层次上都考得最差。
斯蒂文森没有发现智商上的差别。但是如果成绩上的差异在幼儿园就开始显现，那就表明事情出在家庭中，甚至是在孩子们上学之前。
正是在这一点上，各研究者的不同研究趋于了一致：亚洲的父母在激发孩子的学习动力方面做得更好。“决定的因素是亚洲孩子学习努力。”斯蒂文森说。
接下来，真正要弄清的问题是，亚洲父母是如何将这种学习动力灌输给他们的后代的。斯蒂文森的研究提出了一个重要的答案。当被问及他们认为他们的孩子为什么学得好时，大多数亚洲父母说是“用功”。而美国父母则说是“天赋”。
“依我看，”斯蒂文森说，“对于我们都能通过艰苦努力在生活中取得成功的观念我们已经不再相信。相反，美国人现在认为有的孩子具备成功所必需的素质，而有的孩子则不具备。于是我们开始把班级分为‘快班’和‘慢班’，而中国人和日本人则认为所有的孩子都能在同一课程中成功。”
这种对于勤奋的信念是促成亚洲学生成绩突出的三大要素中的第一个。它来源于亚洲人共同的儒教传统，即公元前5世纪那位中国圣人的哲学思想，他的教义对中国社会产生了深远的影响。孔夫子的主要教义之一是，人们通过努力能够完善自我。
儒教也为亚洲人的成功提供了另一个要素。在孔夫子的哲学中，家庭起着最重要的作用----这种定向引导人们为家庭的荣誉而学习工作，而不仅仅是为了他们自己。一个人永远无法报答他的父母，而且在亚洲人中间还有一种责任感、乃至负罪感，这是一种如同新教哲学在西方一样的强大力量。
还有另外一个重要因素存在于亚洲父母及其子女的这种关系中。在我住在中国、日本和越南的15年间，我注意到同大多数美国父母相比，亚洲父母同他们的婴儿建立了一种更为亲密的身体联系。比如，当我让幼小的女儿在地板上爬时，我的中国朋友们会大惊失色，冲过去把她抱起来。我们认为这种无时不在的关心已经过时、甚至是不健康的，但是对于亚洲人来说，它却十分有效。
我们能从亚洲人那儿学到点什么吗?“我还没有天真到认为亚洲的每样东西都能被移植过来。”斯蒂文森说。但是，他却提出了3条建议。
“首先，”他说，“我们需要为我们的孩子们确立更高的目标。我们不会指望他们不经过刻苦训练就能成为职业运动员。”
第二，他宣称，美国父母需要更加关心子女的教育。“在孩子表现不好时表示理解是不够的。”斯蒂文森发现，亚洲父母比美国父母花费更多的时间帮助孩子做作业或者写信给孩子的老师。
第三，我们的学校可以用简单而有效的方式加以重组，斯蒂文森说。近90%的中国年轻人说他们确实喜欢学校， 60%的年轻人迫不及待地盼着学校假期结束。同美国年轻人所表示的态度相比，这种态度要积极得多。原因之一也许是中国和日本的学生一般在每节课后都有一段休息时间，这有助于他们放松并增加注意力集中的持续时间。
“我并不认为亚洲人更聪明。”伯克利的一位美籍亚裔学生李·唐说，“在我的化学班里，有一些很聪明的美国人。但是亚洲学生更刻苦。我在美国人身上看到很多被浪费的潜能。”
UNIT 2 TEXT B
教育之道：东方和西方
一位来自加拿大的老师最近参观了一所日本的小学。在一堂课上， 她观看了60个小孩子在学习画猫。任课老师在黑板上画了一个大圆圈，60个孩子就模仿着画在纸上。老师在第一个圆圈上面画了一个小些的圆圈，然后又在小圆圈上面画了两个三角形;孩子们也以完全相同的方式继续画着他们的猫。这堂课就这么继续着，直到教室里有了61只一模一样的猫。
这节课让那位加拿大老师大为吃惊。这类教学方法--以及它们的效果--同她自己国家的迥然不同。 加拿大学校里的一节美术课会产生满满一屋子独一无二的图画，而不是一张又一张完全相同的猫。为什么呢? 是什么造成了这种教学方法上的不同呢?
在任何国家的任何一个教室里，老师教的都不仅仅是艺术、历史或语言。课堂活动的一部分--有意识或无意识地--是在传授文化：社会的观念、价值观和信仰。每一种教育制度都不可避免地是一面反映其所在社会的文化的镜子。
在像美国或加拿大这样由许多不同的民族、宗教团体和文化取向构成的西方社会中，个性和独立思考受到高度重视。这些价值观通过这些国家的教育制度反映出来。老师们强调那些使每个学生都与众不同的品质。他们很少要求学生熟记信息;却鼓励他们独立思考，独自寻找答案，并提出各自的解决方法。学生们从小就学着形成自己的意见和看法，并在课堂讨论中各抒己见。
在日本则截然不同，绝大多数人有着同样的语言、历史和文化。也许是由于这个缘故，那儿的教育制度反映了一种对集体目标和传统而不是对个性的信念。日本的学童经常在一起学习，做作业时相互帮助。在教室里，教师是主要的知识来源：教师讲，学生听。没有很多的讨论;学生们却要背诵他们已经记住的规则或信息。
日本教育制度的优点是那儿的学生能学到合作的社交技能。另一个优点是他们学的数学和自然科学比大多数美国学生多得多。 他们每天学习的时数和每年学习的天数也比北美的学生多。这种制度要求高，但它却使孩子们能为进入一个重视纪律和自制的社会作好准备。然而，它也有缺点。首先，很多学生说考试之后，他们就会忘记许多曾经记熟的信息。其次，这个要求极高的制度给学生们带来巨大的心理压力，并被认为是日本学龄儿童自杀率高的一个主要因素。
另一方面，北美教育制度的优点是，学生们学习独立思考。他们学习采取主动--做决定和采取行动都无须别人告诉他们做什么。这种制度使他们能为进入一个重视创造性的思想和个人责任的社会作好准备。不过，它也有弊端：除了别的以外，美国高中毕业生学的基本规则和事实就不如其他国家的学生学的多。而许多社会评论家认为美国的高犯罪率至少部分地应归咎于学校的纪律涣散。
UNIT 2 TEXT C
作弊作为文化：外教应有的顿悟
当外国教师初到一个新的国家时，他们通常都会预计到，甚至期待着一种不同于他们习见的教育方式。因此，他们对于课堂上遇到的许多具体的文化差异常常会毫无准备，这就令人感兴趣了。例如，当一些美国新教师初到波兰的时候，他们嚷嚷得最多(也是最恼火!)的一句话就是：“我的学生们一直在作弊!”波兰学生听到此话，既困惑又气愤，结果通常便会发生一系列日益加深的误解，从而大大损害了师生关系。但是只要大家记住作弊是一个与文化有关的问题，这种相互的苦恼可以很容易地避免。
如同在别的地方一样，波兰社会的文化价值观也反映在教育制度之中。 波兰是一个重视集体的社会， 这意味着他们特别强调合作。虽然这种态度在理论上对多数美国人很有吸引力， 然而要适应在日常生活中实践它的方式， 对一个来自强调个人责任的社会的人来说则可能是一种重大的挑战。他们要理解波兰人把他们称为作弊的东西叫做生存是极其困难的。
在一个重视集体的社会中，拒绝帮助一个遇到困难的朋友是不可思议的。这是一个有关生存的问题：当一个朋友需要钱的时候，你借钱给他--下个星期他就会开车送你到火车站去接你来访的表兄弟。当一个邻居需要人帮忙把一些新买的家具搬上楼的时候，你帮助了她-- 一个月后，当你丢了钥匙，在严寒中被锁在自己公寓外面的时候，她会让你使用她家的电话。而当一位同班同学在考试时悄声问你一道难题时，你回答了他。毕竟他在上个月曾经借给你一本书，而那书正是你完成论文所需要的。你怎么能拒绝呢?
一个美国人可能会回答说，你当然可以拒绝，而且这很容易! 对那位绝望的同学的问题，有一百种比帮他作弊更好的(而且是明显的)解决办法。但是在这些“更好的解决办法”之中，有99种只在重视个人责任的社会环境中才更好，它们只对在个人主义文化背景中成长起来并且深受其价值观熏陶的人而言才是“明显的”。对波兰人来说，明显而更好的东西便是对整个集体福祉的关心和对每个人的生存都绝对必要的合作纽带。
作弊问题还有另一个层面。动脑筋逃脱困境的能力在波兰文化中一向备受推崇棗这无疑是有其历史原因的。波兰的历史是一部充满苦难、被侵略和被占领的历史，而波兰人则不得不依赖他们的创造才能，而不是财富或军事实力。学校中的作弊(特别是在作弊成功或者至少有些儿创造性的时候)不过是摆脱困境的传统技巧的一种变异罢了。尽管波兰的教师并非全都赞同作弊， 但他们远比美国人更可能会故意扭头不管，甚至暗地里还有点儿赞赏。
了解作弊根深蒂固的文化原因也许不会永远都能帮助你克服对它的本能反应，但却有助于找到应付它的办法。试图消灭作弊现象只会把这个学年变为一连串激烈的搏斗。请相信我，波兰人作为抵抗运动的战士，比你们的经验丰富得多，我宁愿推荐你们试一试富有创造性的波兰教师所用的一些方法：不是向作弊宣战，而是把它纳入你们的考试和作业之中，让它为学生们的教育作出贡献。在考试前，要把准备“夹带”变成家庭作业，甚至变成一项堂内的集体活动，然后把它们收上来，在考试之前打上分。举行集体测试，布置集体作业，要说清楚你希望学生们能互相利用对方作为教育资源，并实行集体评分。实行开卷考试，毕竟现在是信息时代，懂得如何获取信息是一种比熟记信息更为有用的技能! 最后，决不要想当然地认为，在你期望学生们完全独自学习的时候，这对他们来说是很明显的。在一种重视集体的文化中，这一点儿也不明显。
两种文化在课堂上相遇可能就会产生冲突，作弊问题只是这类冲突中的一个实例。承认这些冲突为文化上的差异，乃是为使冲突成为你的课堂内每个人所受教育的一部分而迈出的第一步。但还有第二个重要的因素，那就是宽容。
