【www.shanpow.com--英语作文】
【一】:VOA News (美国之音特别英语)
听力补充练习
VOA Special English News (美国之音特别英语)
1. Peace Prize for Women
This is the VOA Special English Development Report.
Each year, in Oslo, Norway announces the winners of its famous have
Now for Women and the human rights group International Alert have presented a new award to . It is called Peace Prize for Women. Officials will present the award every three years. The award women's actions in building peace, protecting women's human rights and supporting community life during and after war.
Experts say women are usually not as the peace process as men are. normal community life after peace has been reached recognized as leaders in peace building.
received the Millennium Peace Prize for Women. One of the winners is the Colombian group Ruta Pacifica de las Mujeres - or Women's Road between rebel groups and the Colombian government.
The group Leitana Nehan Women's Development Agency also won the peace prize. It and rebel forces in Papua New Guinea. Another winner is the group Women in Black. It is an international organization .
Flora Brovina also received the peace prize. She organized the League of Albanian Women of Kosovo. Doctor Brovina has taught medical skills to people in Kosovo.
Asma Jahangir and Hina Jilani are also peace prize winners. They worked to support
and women's rights in Pakistan. And the leader of the
in Rwanda also won the Millennium Peace Prize, after her death. Veneranda Nzambazamariya helped re-build Rwanda after the mass killings in last year.
This VOA Special English Development Report was written by Jill Moss.
2. Intel Science Talent Search
This is the VOA Special English Science Report.
A teen-age girl from the state of Connecticut has won in the Intel was known as the Westinghouse Science Talent Search until It is the oldest program in the United States that honors the science projects of high school students. The Intel Science Talent Search celebrated its sixtieth anniversary this year.
The winners receive money for a and a new computer. More students entered projects for the competition. The students were from
percent were male. Their research projects involved every area of science, including
.
by well-known . They also questioned the students about scientific problems before deciding on the top ten winners.
The first place winner was Mariangela Lisanti of Westport, Connecticut. She received one-hundred-thousand dollars for her college Her physics project new way to measure electron movement in tiny structures.
The second place winner was Nathaniel Jay Craig of Sacramento, California. He received seventy-five-thousand dollars for his college education for a . He developed a method for expressing the strength of specially prepared glass by describing the super cooled liquid from which it was formed.
The third place winner was Gabriel Drew Carroll of Oakland, California. He received fifty-thousand dollars for his college education. His mathematics project involved the
.
as future leaders. the technological world today. And it is important for making the best decisions in the future.
This VOA Special English Science Report was written by Nancy Steinbach.
3. EPA Rejects Arsenic Limits in Water
This is the VOA Special English ENVIRONMENT REPORT.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency says it plans to a rule that would have reduced the amount of arsenic permitted in drinking water. The new rule was approved at the end of the Clinton presidency. It was suspended in January.
The Bush the rule needs more study. The new rule would have reduced the acceptable level of arsenic in by eighty percent. It was designed to reduce the public health risk from arsenic in drinking water.
Arsenic is a found naturally in rocks, soil, water, air, plants and animals. It also can be released during mining operations.
Arsenic is mainly transported by water. The highest levels of arsenic are found mostly in the western American states. At unsafe levels, arsenic can cause cancer and other diseases.
groups have argued for years that arsenic should be reduced. They say studies show the limits are necessary for protecting millions of Americans from cancer and other health threats.
But the mining industry and some cities and states strongly the rule on reducing arsenic in drinking water. They said it would cost hundreds of millions of dollars action in an attempt to block to withdraw the rule because of pressure by the mining industry.
The Environmental Protection Agency set the current limit for arsenic in Nineteen-Seventy-Five. But a report by the National Academy of Sciences two years ago . The as soon as possible.
The limit approved by President Clinton also was approved by the European Union and the World Health Organization several years ago.
But E-P-A officials say Mister Clinton's action was not supported by scientific
. They say arsenic levels should be reduced, but not necessarily as low as the rule required.
The E-P-A will seek scientific studies about the issue and the period.
This VOA Special English ENVIRONMENT REPORT was written by Cynthia Kirk.
4. International Year of Mountains
This is the VOA Special English Environment Report.
area. Mountains are and environment. They contain important
such as forests. They provide the most important resources for about one-tenth of the world's population. Mountains also provide goods and services to more than half the people in the world.
snow from mountains provides water for hundreds of millions of people. For example, the Himalayan Mountains supply drinking water for the people of India. Mountains are also important areas for winter sports. Millions of people visit mountains every year.
Mountains are also important in the cultures of many people. For example, the ancient Incas of South America built their most important cities and high in the mountains. Machu Picchu is an ancient Incan city in the Andes Mountains. It is one of the most popular places to visit in Peru.
Mountains are important to the world. But there are problems involving mountains in many places. People who live in mountain areas are usually poor. There is often very little
very well. When this happens, eco-systems supporting plant and animal life suffer.
rush down the sides of mountains and flood villages and cities. Serious flooding kills many people and animals every year. In addition, can cause to
The United Nations wants to help more people learn about the importance of mountains as well as their problems. So has named the year Two- Thousand- Two the "International Year of Mountains." Many activities including
have been planned for next year. The U-N Food and Agriculture of mountains.
You can get more information on mountains and the "International Year of Mountains" at the Internet address, w-w-w-dot- mountains-two-thousand-two-dot-org.
This VOA Special English Environment Report was written by Gary Garriott.
5. World Mothers Study
This is Bill White with the VOA Special English Development Report.
a new study on the condition of mothers around the world. The report rates ninety-four countries on issues important to mothers. They include health care and family planning services, the health of their children, education and political involvement. Sweden, Norway and Denmark were rated the highest, followed by other countries. The United States was rated eleventh. This is just one place ahead of Cuba, which was the highest rated developing country. Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, and Guinea Bissau were at the bottom of the list.
Beryl Levinger was the leading researcher for the report. Mizz Levinger says the report
what Save the Children has been saying for more than seventy years. The
Mizz Levinger says there is a direct link between the health of children and the quality services and education offered to mothers.
. Less than one-third of the births in those countries are attended by trained health care professionals. Also, only three percent of the women use a system to prevent In these countries, one in twelve women die during childbirth. In the top ten countries on the list, the
for women during childbirth is only one in 6,000.
Save the Children says more educational programs for mothers and girls will improve . The group says millions of lives could be saved if more money was invested in . Mizz Levinger says family planning alone could prevent one-fourth of all deaths among new-born babies and their mothers. It would . In addition, Mizz Levinger says education at home are also needed.
The study by Save the Children is part of a new aimed at improving the health and education of mothers around the world. The group hopes to to increase international aid for women's programs.
This VOA Special English Development Report was written by Jill Moss.
6. Insects to Control Harmful Trees
This is Bill White with the VOA Special English ENVIRONMENT REPORT.
Researchers are planning to use to stop the spread of a harmful tree in the American state of Florida. The melaleuca tree to spread that is home to many kinds of plants and animals.
Scientists with the Agricultural Research Service have been to control the melaleuca. The tree is native to Australia. In that country, more than one-hundred kinds of insects feed on it and . The melaleuca was first . But it had no natural insect enemies in its new environment. So melaleuca trees spread across the southern United States.
The tree kills and replaces other plant life in the Everglades. It is now blamed for dollars a year.
The Fergusonina fly is a natural enemy of the melaleuca. An small worm, called a nematode, lives inside the fly. A team of American scientists is working with . They collected Fergusonina flies from Australia. The scientists put the flies on test plants to see if they attacked them. They found that the flies are likely to
only on the melaleuca trees in Florida. The flies would not harm other plants. This information was important for officials who to send thousands of flies to the University of Florida for additional tests. Ted Center is the chief of the Agriculture Department's Invasive Plant Research Laboratory. He says tests show that the Fergusonina fly and the nematode are different from other insects that only in one kind of plant. The scientists now are planning more testing before proposing the release of the insects in the Everglades.
Four years ago, scientists from Florida and Australia another natural of those against the melaleuca trees.
This VOA Special English Environment report was written by George Crow
7. Health Care Training for Native Villages
This is Bill White with the VOA Special English DEVELOPMENT REPORT.
Many countries have a to provide health care in distant villages. The Medical Mission Sisters is an that helps with this. It began seventy-five years ago. The Roman Catholic workers help provide health care training for people who are not served by modern hospitals, doctors and medicines.
for fifty years, many of them in Africa. She is living in Oaxaca, Mexico, now. Sister Isabel helps with a training program in the city of from villages of native people. It teaches these
how to help themselves and others in the villages improve their health.
Sister Isabel spends about three days a week, much of the year, traveling to the distant
For example, she teaches people how to their bodies need to be healthy. Their villages are too high in the mountains to that usually provide these vitamins. So she teaches people to cook a common plant, garlic . in the sun. Next, the . People take one each day with their usual diet of tortillas and beans.
is often lost when local medicine men and women die. For example, basil is used in many countries to add taste to foods. But stomach pain, the leaves are cooked in water and the liquid drunk. For an earache, the oil
【二】:VOA新闻
2016.8.14
In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.
任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。
The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.
简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。
With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.
随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。
In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center.
伊丽莎白市，一个重要的航运和制造业中心，坐落于新泽西州的东部。
【三】:voa新闻时事
www.shanpow.com_voa新闻。垄断组织
垄断组织（monopolies/monopoly organization）是指在资本主义社会的一个或几个经济部门中居于重要地位的大企业之间的联合。它们凭借这种联合所建立的统治地位，控制相应部门的商品生产，瓜分销售市场、原料产地和投资场所，规定垄断价格，攫取高额利润。垄断组织在本质上是资本主义生产关系的局部调整。
1870年以后，随着世界市场的形成和发展，科学技术的巨大进步，工业生产的迅速发展，科学技术的巨大进步。特别是重工业的兴起，使企业的规模越来越大。企业的规模越来越大，要求的资本与劳动力也就越来越多，于是股份公司这种早已出现的集资经营方式开始得到广泛的发展。随着股份公司的发展与逐步完善，中小工厂被吞并，资本与生产迅速地集中了。此外，资本主义内部的激烈竞争也加速了大资本吞噬小资本的进程。生产的集中引起了垄断组织的产生。早在19世纪60年代和70年代初，欧美先进资本主义国家中就已开始出现个别的垄断组织。1873年的经济危机使更多中小企业破产，进一步推动了企业兼并，促进生产的集中，于是垄断组织较多较快地发展起来。到19世纪末20世纪初，垄断组织在所有发达资本主义国家普遍地发展起来，成为全部经济生活的基础。 主要形式
垄断组织是在资本主义生产集中的基础上产生的。由于在资本主义发展过程中生产社会化和生产集中的发展程度的不同，资本主义大型企业之间互相勾结或联合的程度和具体目的也不一样，因而垄断组织便有各种不同的形式。卡特尔、辛迪加、托拉斯、康采恩是垄断组织的四种主要形式。
卡特尔
卡特尔，它是生产同类商品的资本主义大企业为了垄断市场、攫取高额垄断利润。通过签订各种协定（如划分销售区、规定商品产量、确定销售价格等）所组成的垄断联盟。参加卡特尔的企业，要受所订协议的约束，但各企业在生产上、商业上和法律上仍然保持独立。卡特尔只是一种初级形式的垄断组织， 这种形式最早在1865年出现于德国。
比较流行的卡特尔有三种：
①划分销售市场的卡特尔；
②规定统一价格的卡特尔；
③规定生产规模的卡特尔。
辛迪加
辛迪加，它是由生产同类商品的及各大企业，为了高价销售商品和低价购买原材料，通过签订共同销售商品和采购原材料的协定而建立起来的垄断组织。参加辛迪加的企业在生产上和法律上仍保持独立性，但丧失了商业上的独立性。这种形式19世纪末20世纪初在西欧比较流行。
托拉斯
托拉斯，它是由生产同类商品或者与该类商品有密切联系的许多大企业联合组成的，参加托拉斯的各企业在生产、商业、法律上都不再是独立的生产经营单位，由托拉斯组织董事会及其委任的经理来统一全部经营活动。它是比较稳定和比较高级的垄断组织形式。这种垄断组织形式于1882年最先在美国产生，20世纪初迅速发展
康采恩
康采恩是由不同经济部门的许多大企业联合组成的垄断组织。参加康采恩的既有单个的企业，又有其他的垄断组织如辛迪加、托拉斯;既有工业企业，又有商业企业、交通运输企业以及银行和保险公司等。其中最大的银行或企业则是这个庞大复杂组织的核心。康采恩最明显地表现出帝国主义时期银行垄断资本和工业垄断资本相结合的特点。垄断组织形式的不同，主要是由垄断程度和组织方式的不同决定的。不论何种形式的垄断组织，其本质都是一样的。它们凭借在生产和市场上的垄断地位，对国内外广大无产者和劳动人民进行残酷剥削和掠夺，以获取高额垄断利润。
在帝国主义时代，垄断统治就是通过上述各种不同形式的垄断组织实现的。 发展时期
70年代初期到90年代初期，是垄断组织广泛发展但还不稳定的时期。1873年危机之后，曾出现缔结垄断协定的高潮，卡特尔有过广泛的发展，但其大多数是短期的不稳定的，是一种暂时的现象。这个时期，在美国、英国和西欧其他资本主义国家，垄断组织也相继出现。到19世纪晚期，主要资本主义国家的生产和资本已高度集中，出现了垄断组织。美国和德国尤其突出。垄断资本家通过兼并或联合的方式组成垄断组织，控制某一个或几个部门商品的生产、价格和市场，赚取高额利润。
如在1882年，在美国出现了第一个托拉斯，美孚石油公司。1863年，约翰·洛克菲勒同别人合资，在克利夫兰开办了一家炼油厂。两年后，他独占了这家工厂，又吞并了许多中小炼油厂。到1869年，这家工厂已成为美国最大的炼油厂。1870年，洛克菲勒组建俄亥俄美孚石油公司，资金100万美元。他勾结铁路部门控制运价，打击竞争对手。美孚公司发展很快，1880年，它提炼的石油占全美的95%。1882年，美孚石油托拉斯成立。它掌握了14家公司所有权，控制着26家公司的多数股票，垄断了美国石油工业。
德国：垄断组织发展的程度仅次于美国。由于德国农村中保留了大量封建残余，国内市场狭小，它作为较晚兴起的资本主义国家在扩大国外市场方面又面临激烈的竞争，因而解决销售市场问题十分紧迫。德国虽然也在生产集中的基础上形成了许多大企业，但还存在大量的中小企业。这些条件，使得在产品销售上进行垄断联合的“卡特尔”成为德国垄断组织最普遍的形式。1857年德国出现了第一个卡特尔，到1870年增加到6个。1873年经济危机爆发后，卡特尔迅速增加，1879年已有14个，1890年猛增到210个。在19世纪末的高涨和1900—1903年的危机期间，垄断组织又有了进一步的发展。。 1905年卡特尔已发展到385个，垄断组织遍及采煤、冶金、电气、化学、食品等工业部门。再20世纪初，卡特尔开始向高级形式——拥有统一销售组织的辛迪加发展。与此同时，在一些主要生产部门还出现了为数不多的巨大托拉斯和康采恩。因此，20世纪初垄断组织已成为德国全部经济生活的基础。1907年，拥有50个工人以上的大企业仅占企业总数的0.9%，而它们
