【www.shanpow.com--英语作文】
【一】:初一同步辅导英语Unit3
本周学习重点
七年级上册Unit 3 The Earth
重点语法：
1.可数与不可数名词
2. there be 句型
重点及难点解析
一、可数与不可数名词
〖教材典句〗
1. The earth provides us with air, water and food.
2. There are many differentplants.
3. There are also many people like youand me on Earth.
4. There is a lot of pollution.
5. We must stop doing thesethings.
以上5个句子是本单元的主要句型，也是我们本单元的语法知识点。
〖语法全解〗 名词详解
考点归纳
1．可数名词的复数变化
1) 规则变化
(1) 大多数都直接在名词后加-s。
(2) 以-s , -x , -ch , -sh结尾的名词加-es。
(3) 以元音字母+y结尾的名词加-s，如boys，days；但以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，先变y
为i，再加-es,
如babies，flies，libraries;以辅音字母+y结尾的专有名词直接加-s，如Marys，Henrys等。
(4) 以-o结尾的名词，大多数在词尾加-s，如bamboos，radios，photos，kilos，但也有少数加-es，如potatoes，tomatoes，heroes; 而zero两种形式均可。
(5) -f，-fe结尾的名词，大部分将-f，-fe改成v，再加-es，如knives，halves，thieves,shelves，leaves，wives，
wolves；但也有少数直接加-s，如roofs，beliefs，safes；而handkerchief和scarf两种均可。 背记小口诀：
妻子(wife)持刀(knife)去砍狼(wolf)，小偷(thief)吓得发了慌； 躲在架(shelf)下保己（self）命(life)，半(half)片树
叶(leaf)遮面包（loaf）。
2) 不规则变化
(1) 单复数同形sheep，fish，deer，Chinese，Japanese。
(2) 变内部元音man － men，tooth－teeth，mouse － mice，foot － feet，goose－ geese。
(3) 其他形式。
child－children ox － oxen grown-up － grown-ups（成年人） passer-by － passers-by（过路人）
brother-in-law － brothers-in-law（姐夫，妹夫）
man与woman作定语修饰的名词改为复数时，两者都要改为复数，如：two women doctors，many men leaders。
但是boy, girl作定语修饰复数名词时用单词形式。例如two girl students.
3) 特殊的复数形式
(1) 只有复数，没有单数形式。如：trousers裤子，clothes衣服，shorts短裤，goods商品，glasses眼镜，shoes鞋子
等。
(2) 集合名词不能用具体的数字修饰，只能在其前加the表示全体，如：the police，the English，the people，动词也
用复数形式，但family，class，team，group等集合名词，若指整体，看作单数形式，若指其中的成员，则看作
复数形式，动词也应该有相应变化。
【注意】：可数名词的量可以用many，few，a few，several,a(large/great) number of，等来修饰，
而some,any，enough，a lot of，lotsof，plenty of，等既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。
而much,a little ,little , a great deal of 修饰不可数名词。www.shanpow.com_live,a,great,deal,among,grown-ups,什么意思。
2．不可数名词
(1)不可数名词一般只有单数形式，前面不能直接加冠词，但在一些固定短语中有些不可数名词也可转化为可数名词，
如havea good time，a heavy rain，a strong wind等。
(2)不可数名词一般没有复数形式，只有单数形式，它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an ，若要表示它的个体意义时，
一般需要将其量化。
不可数名词如何量化：就是在不可数名词前面加上“数词+量词+of”，比如：
paper(纸), cloth(布), news(新闻), advice(意见), information(信息), , meat(肉) ） a piece of paper 一张纸条 two bottles of ink 两瓶墨水; a piece of bread一块面包。
3．常以复数形式出现的名词
People(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子)，police(警察)，glasses(眼镜)，这些名词做主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语要用复数。
4. 复数形式的单数名词
有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。 如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理)，Nonews is good news．
5. 名词的所有格
(1) 名词所有格一般都是在结尾加 ’s，如Kate’s，但以-s结尾的复数，只加― ’ ‖，如Teachers’ Day; of+名词用来表
示无生命东西的所有关系，如the problem of the Americans。
但表示时间、距离、国家、地点等无生命的名词，所有格也有’s的形式，如twodays’ trip。
(2) 当某物为两人共有时，名词所有格为A+ B’s，eg. Jim and Tom’s room (共同所有)。 而当某物为各人所有时为A’s+B’s， Jim’s and Tom’s rooms（各自所有）。
(3) 双重所有格则指：of+名词所有格／名词性物主代词，如a cousin of my father's，afriend of mine。
链接中考题
【例1】
The biggest 32 isthat in Japan，only girls and women give chocolatesto boys and men.(2012广州市中考试题）
A．difference B．differences C．different D．differently
【解析】本题出自于语法填空，指最大的一个不同点，所以应该选择名词的单数形式，C different是形容词形式，
D differently 是副词形式，因此正确答案为A。
【例 2】
Most people look forward tothe 43 , a time when they can enjoy a change from their normal life.(2008广州市中考试题）
43. A.dreams B. gifts C. meals D. holidays
【解析】本题出自于完型填空，根据题目的意思，应该是指大部分的人都期待一个假期来过一段不同于日常生活的时光，所以正确答案为D.
考点精练
Ⅰ. Choose the bestanswer
1. We’ll have a _______ holiday. What aboutgoing to the West Lake?
A.two days B. two-day C. two-days D. two-days’
2. Linda, I’ve bought many ______. Now let’smake the birthday cake.
A.fresh eggs B. chocolate milk C. frozen food D. rice dumplings
3. Do you know whose thispair of _____ is?
A. taxis B. flowers C. jeans D. umbrellas
4. In his letter, Uncle Lee told us many ______ about his visit to theUnited States.
A. news B. stories C.information D. truth
5. Li Dong is a friend of my _____. We often play card games together.
A. brother B. brothers C. brother’s D.brothers’
6. Miss Smith doesn’t have _____ housework to dotoday.
A. a piece B. many C. a lot D.much
【二】:2016届高三英语美文阅读(四)
2016届高三英语美文阅读（四） （1）美文
The Miracle Tape
BY JANE UPCHURCH
I cannot wholeheartedly say I am grateful for having had cancer, but I am so deeply grateful for all it has taught me. I was diagnosed with breast cancer in January 2007. My first reaction was one of shock and disbelief. How could someone as robustly healthy as me have cancer? Before I knew it, the whole machine of cancer treatment had begun, and I was on chemotherapy before the tumor had even been found.
The first lucky moment was when a friend who had had breast cancer years before sent me a battered and yellowing copy of Love, Medicine & Miracles. At first I was not sure how it could help, but then I got to chapter 4. Bernie lists four important questions there to determine your attitude about yourself and your disease. The second question was, what happened to you in the year or two before your illness? I had to check what had happened to me in that time period, and a light went on in my head! It was like I had been struck by a thunderbolt. I checked my diaries and found twenty-six significant events, starting with the death of my father. I had been brought up to be strong, be independent, help others, and deal with events head on. Now I realized that all the deeply distressful events I thought I had dealt with had had a profound effect on my health. I fit the psychological profile of a cancer patient. I was gripped and read and reread the book during my chemotherapy. I also read every book by Bernie that I could lay my hands on and bought his CD to improve my immune system by meditation.
After my last chemo session I became very ill. The antibiotics were not controlling my
temperature, and I knew I was getting worse when a microbiologist was called. I could not eat or sleep. I told my husband that if I got any worse, I was not sure I would have the stamina to get through it.
That night, as I could not sleep, I played Bernie’s CD over and over again until I almost knew it word for word. It was Bernie’s calm voice on the CD that allowed me to overcome the
“challenge” that the disease offered me and be reassured that “your body knows what to do.” I must have fallen asleep eventually because when I woke up I knew something was different. I was going to recover. I told my husband I had “turned the corner.” And although I had completely lost the independence I had spent my life acquiring, I did not care. Now I appreciated everything. Some of Bernie’s teachings carry me forward to this day. For instance, it is especially important to avoid negative messages, and there is nothing wrong with hope. Also, there are no incurable diseases, only incurable people. If one patient can do it, there’s no reason others can’t.
I do not think I would be alive if Bernie Siegel had not written Love, Medicine & Miracles. Even though we have never met, I feel he is a dear friend who inspires me completely. I will always be grateful to him for his wisdom and for showing me the way! I use Bernie’s saying that
“coincidence is God’s way of remaining anonymous” every time a meaningful coincidence occurs in my life. For me, cancer wasn’t a disease; it was the cure.
（2）文学作品
The Little Prince 小王子
[法] 安东尼 ·圣埃克苏佩里 （Antoine de saint-Exupery）
小说的叙述者飞行员讲了 6年前他因飞机故障迫降在撒哈拉沙漠遇见小王子的故事。神秘的小王子来自另一个星球。飞行员讲了小王子和他的玫瑰的故事；小王子离开自己星球的原因；以及他访问过的星球。他转述了小王子对六个星球的历险，他遇见了国王、爱虚荣的人、酒鬼、商人、点灯人、地理学家、蛇、三枚花瓣的沙漠花、玫瑰园、扳道工、商贩、狐狸以及叙述者飞行员本人。 飞行员和小王子在沙漠中共同拥有过一段极为珍贵的友谊。当小王子无法回到他的玫瑰身边时，他选择了死亡。飞行员非常难过。
You must strive to find your own voice Once when I was six years old I saw a magnificent picture in a book，called True Stories from Nature，about the primeval forest. It was a picture of a boa constrictor in the act of swallowing an animal. Here is a copy of the drawing.
In the book it said，“Boa constrictors swallow their prey whole， without chewing it. After that they are not able to move，and they sleep through the six months that they need for digestion.” I pondered deeply，then，over the adventures of the jungle. And after some work with a colored pencil I succeeded in making my first drawing. My Drawing Number One. It looked like this.
I showed my masterpiece to the grown-ups，and asked them whether the drawing frightened them. But they answered， “Frighten? Why should any one be frightened by a hat?”My drawing was not a picture of a hat. It was a picture of a boa constrictor digesting an elephant. But since the
grown-ups were not able to understand it，I made another drawing，I drew the inside of the boa constrictor，so that the grown-ups could see it clearly. They always need to have things explained. My Drawing
Number Two looked like this:
The grown-ups’ response，this time，was to advise me to lay aside my drawings of boa
constrictors，whether from the inside or the outside，and devote myself instead to geography， history，arithmetic and grammar. That is why，at the age of six，I gave up what might have been a magnificent career as a painter. I had been disheartened by the failure of my Drawing Number One and my Drawing Number Two. Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves，and it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them. So then I chose
another profession，and learned to pilot airplanes. I have flown a little over all parts of the world；
and it is true that geography has been very useful to me. At a glance I can distinguish China from Arizona. If one gets lost in the night， such knowledge is valuable. In the course of this life I have had a great many encounters with a great many people who have been concerned with matters of consequence. I have lived a great deal among grown-ups. I have seen them intimately，close at hand. And that hasn’t much improved my opinion of them. Whenever I met one of them who seemed to me at all clear-sighted，I tried the experiment of showing him my Drawing Number One，which I have always kept. I would try to find out，so，if this was a person of true
understanding. But， whoever it was，he，or she，would always say:“That is a hat.” Then I would never talk to that person about boa constrictors， or primeval forests，or stars. I would bring myself down to his level. I would talk to him about bridge，and golf，and politics，and neckties. And the grown-up would be greatly pleased to have met such a sensible man.
（3）时文
BBC news - We are both the victims and the villains of face-ism.
BBC news - Within a split-second of laying eyes on you, others will have decided whether you are competent and trustworthy; whether you are a leader or a follower. And those prejudices might shape key events in your life, determining everything from your friendships to your bank balance. This “face-ism” was considered an unfortunate fact of life. Given our obsession with celebrity culture, physical beauty may appear the greatest source of face-ism.
Beginning as early as the 1990s, economist Daniel Hamermesh has found that more attractive people can earn 10 to 12% more – for professionals as diverse as American football players, lawyers, and even his fellow economists... In fact, one of the only exceptions, he found, was armed robbers. “If he can scare you into giving you the money, he doesn’t need to use violence.” But how do we know what makes an honest, competent or dominant face? One possibility is that we are simply responding to facial expressions. Even so, the evidence suggests we are also reading other, more permanent cues.
Olivola and Todorov at Princeton University have used carefully designed computer generated pictures with neutral expressions to control for all other factors. By asking subjects to rate them, and comparing the ratings of many different photos, the team has then been able to create a kind of digital photo-fit that best captures the subtle characteristics that signal each trait.
The resulting pictures suggest that we are reacting to slight differences across the whole face - everything from the shape of the eye-brows to the underlying bone structure.
You might like to think that you would never be so shallow - but the fact is that whenever you meet someone, you spontaneously appraise them. In fact, Todorov has shown that 40 milliseconds are all it takes to form a rapid impression of someone’s personality - that’s about a tenth as long as a single blink of the eye.
What’s more, it appears to be a life-long habit: even three- and four-year-olds decide who looks "mean" or "nice” based solely on appearances.
Practically speaking, though, our accuracy is so poor it probably does more harm than good. “People put too much weight on appearances and neglect what they already know,” says Olivola. In games measuring trust and honesty, for instance, participants are willing to trust someone with an innocent-looking face, even when there is already tangible evidence that the same person has cheated beforehand.
Given these concerns, Olivola and Todorov recently wrote a paper arguing that psychologists should begin to investigate ways to combat face-ism. “If a decision is important, I would try to structure the information so that faces come at the end of the decision process,” says Todorov. Unlike most kinds of prejudices, we are both the victims and the villains of face-ism: everyone will have judged someone else unfairly, based on their appearance, and we’ve all been judged in return. And that’s an ugly truth that’s worth facing.
【三】:高三英语 复习与训练一-名词
高三英语复习与训练一——名词
1. 名词
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。
2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。
3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。
4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：
1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1） 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：
two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
2） 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。
