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parole一:Langue和Parole有何差别？_鄂冶猴哥
作业摘选（川外2010级研究生）陈礼权1、Langue and Parole这一对术语是由著名瑞士语言学家索绪尔基于两分法的研究方法提出来的。现在大多数人将Langue 和Parole分别译成“语言”和“言语”，而许国璋教授则认为“没有实质意义译出”，但在他的《许国璋论语言[微软用户1]》一书中，他将这一对术语翻译成“社会语言”和“个人语言”[微软用户2]。我个人认为这样翻译起来更通俗易懂。在这里，我姑且借用为大多数人所接受的译法。索绪尔指出语言是一个抽象系统，它看不见也摸不着，是社会成员共有的语法体系，它是每个成员的话语集合体，靠着这套语法体系，成员能更好地理解彼此之间的话语意思，既包括外延又包括内涵。而言语是指说话人具体使用的语言。语言具有社会性、稳定性，它是纯质的，不受个人意志的支配，而言语具有个体性，情境性，它是杂糅的，受个人意志的支配，它带有个人发音、用词、表达习惯等特点。正如侯老师在课堂上举的一个例子，在影片《泰坦尼克号》中，Rose 对Jack 说的每一句“I loveyou”，从言语上来说都是同一句话的重复，但具体的理解则要依据语言这一重要工具了。再比如:在言语中，张三说的“我”是指张三，李四说的“我”是指李四，在语言中，“我”既不是指张三也不是
parole二:Imprisoned Taiwanese Chen Shuibian given medical parole
Imprisoned Taiwanese ex-President Chen given medical parole
By
Associated Press
Published:
10:45 GMT, 5 January 2015
|
Updated:
10:45 GMT, 5 January 2015
TAIPEI, Taiwan (AP) — Taiwan"s former President Chen Shui-bian was granted a one-month medical parole Monday for treatment of neural degeneration, more than four years into his 20-year prison sentence for corruption.
Chen, 64, rolled down a car window and waved to about 200 supporters while a police escort took him out of the main gate at Taichung prison on Monday afternoon.
Chen, whose election in 2000 ended a 50-year monopoly on power by the island"s Nationalists, or Kuomintang, and who moved to expand Taiwan"s de facto independence from mainland China, went on trial shortly after the end of his 2000-2008 tenure.
+1
Former Taiwan President Chen Shui-bian waves to supporters as he is wheeled in a chair from the Taichung prison by his son Chen Chih-chung Monday, Jan. 5, 2015 in Taichung, Taiwan. Chen was granted a one-month medical parole Monday for treatment of neural degeneration, more than four years into his 20-year prison sentence for corruption. But he must return to prison to serve the remainder if his condition improves. (AP Photo)
He was convicted in September 2009 of more than $12 million in embezzlement and bribe-taking in what he denounced as a persecution driven by his political opponents.
Chen has reportedly suffered from depression, sleep apnea, heart ailments and neural degeneration while behind bars, and authorities say he has attempted suicide.
The one-month medical parole was granted for treatment of his neurodegeneration, which was worsening despite efforts to treat him while in prison, the Justice Ministry said in a statement.
"It is believed that only on medical parole can his life and health be ensured," the ministry said.
Neurodegeneration is an umbrella term for the loss of function of the neurons as experienced in diseases such as Parkinson"s, Alzheimer"s and Huntington"s. The ministry did not specify what kind of neurodegeneration Chen was suffering from.
parole三:Egypt grants parole to Mubarak, keeps him in custody over other charges
Egypt grants
parole to Mubarak, keeps him in
custody over other charges
(Xinhua)
08:37, April 16, 2013
CAIRO, April 15 (Xinhua)
-- Egypt"s Cairo Court of Appeals
on Monday ordered to grant parole
to former President Hosni Mubarak in
the case of killing protesters during
the 2011 turmoil, and to keep him
in custody pending investigations in
other cases, state- run MENA news
agency reported.The court
decision came as the temporary
detention of Mubarak for his
involvement in the killing of
protesters in the 2011 upheaval has
exceeded the two-year maximum term,
which ended on April 12 in line
with the Egyptian law.In
April, 2011, Mubarak was arrested over
alleged accusations of killing protesters
and other charges.He was
sentenced to life imprisonment in
June, 2012 in the case of killing
protesters, but he appealed the
court"s verdict later. The Court
of Cassation accepted the appeal and
ordered a retrial for Mubarak and
his Interior Minister Habib
al-Adly.On Saturday, the
retrial of Mubarak was indefinitely
adjourned, as presiding judge Mustafa
Hassan Abdullah withdrew from the case
and referred it to the Court of
Appeals again.On April 7,
Prosecutor-General Talaat Ibrahim Abdullah
ordered the extension of Mubarak"s
detention as interrogations revealed that
he had kept public funds allocated
for maintenance and other works in
the presidential palaces for himself,
his wife Suzanne Thabet and his
two sons.Mubarak ruled Egypt
for about three decades and was
toppled after nationwide protests sweeping
the country on Jan. 25, 2011.
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