【www.shanpow.com--英文简历】
【一】:最常用的英文女孩名
Name for girl
Alice 寓意高贵
Bunny 代表多姿多彩友善可亲
Belle 寓意优雅漂亮开朗热情
Estelle 独立友好温馨
Jasmine 具有花朵和芬芳的意向
Emily 娇小可爱文静
Ailsa艾丽莎
Aimee艾米
Alice爱丽丝
Alina艾琳娜
Amanda阿曼达
Amy艾美
Angela安吉拉
Angelia安吉莉亚
Angelina安吉莉娜
Ann安 (Hannah的英文形式)
Anne安妮 (同Ann)
Annie安妮 (Ann的昵称)
Anita安尼塔 (Ann的西班牙写法)
Barbara笆笆拉
Betty贝蒂 (Elizabeth的昵称)
Bonnie邦妮
Carol凯罗尔
Caroline卡罗琳
Carrie凯莉 (Carol及Caroline的昵称，同Kerry) Charlotte夏洛特
Cherry切莉
Chris克莉丝（Christine，Kristine的简写，同Kris） Christina克里斯蒂娜 (同Christine)
Christine克里斯汀
Cindy辛迪 (Cinderella,Cynthia,Lucinda的昵称) Cora科拉
Daisy戴茜
Debbie黛比 (Deborah，Debra的昵称)
Diana黛安娜
Elizabeth伊丽莎白
Ella埃拉
Ellen爱伦
Ellie艾莉 (Eleanor, Ellen的昵称)
Eve伊芙
Fannie芬妮 (同Frances,Fanny)
Gina吉娜 (Angelina，Regina的昵称)
Gloria格罗瑞娅
Grace格瑞丝
Hellen海伦 (亦作：Helen)
Jamie詹米 (James的女性形式)
Jane简 (John的女性名词)
Jessica杰西卡 (Jessee的女子形式)
Jessie杰西 (Jasmine, Jessica的昵称; Janet的苏格兰形式) Jennifer詹妮弗
Jenny詹妮 (同Jennie；Jane,Jennifer的昵称)
Joan琼 (同Jane；John的女性形式)
Joanna乔安娜
Joy乔伊
Judy朱蒂 (Judith的昵称)
Julia朱莉娅
Julie朱莉
Laura劳拉 (Lawrence的女性形式)
Lillian莉莲 (亦作lilian)
Linda琳达
Lisa丽莎 (Elizabeth的别名)
Victoria维多利亚
Wendy温蒂 (Gwendolyn,Wanda的昵称)
【二】:新译林7A英语期末复习(7A Unit 7～Unit 8)
七年级英语期末复习(7A Unit 7～Unit 8)
重点短语与句型
Unit7
一、词组
1. walk down/along the street 沿着街道走
2. go shopping/do some shopping去购物
3. come with me跟我来
4. need sb./sth. to do sth.需要某人（物）做某事
5. carry all the bags提所有的包
6. many different shops许多不同的商店
7. a clothes shop 一家衣服店
8. a sports shop一家体育用品商店
9. buy a Christmas present for Simon
=buy Simon a Christmas present
给西蒙买份圣诞礼物
10. ask sb. for help向某人求助
11. be sure of/be sure that+从句 对……确信
be sure to do 一定会做某事
12. be interested in sth/ doing sth 对……感兴趣
13. collect stamps集邮
14. look for Christmas presents寻找圣诞礼物
15. just a minute=wait for a short time稍等
16. last year’s cards 去年的卡片
17. match sth. (well)=go well with sth.
与……很相配
18. be different from … 与……不同
be the same as … 与……一样
19. plan to have a Christmas party
计划开圣诞晚会www.shanpow.com_其它女孩用英文可以说the,other,girls吗。
20. use paper cups to drink some juice
用纸杯喝果汁
21. some exercise books一些练习本
22. shops around my school我学校周围的商店
23. music boxes音乐盒
24. far away from… 离……很远
25. use one’s pocket money用零花钱
26. learn a lot from books从书中学到很多
27. walk a long way to school
走很长的一段路到校
28. most of the students/most students大多数学生
29. help the children in poor areas
帮助平困地区的孩子们
30. need sth. most最需要某物
31. try sth. on/try on sth.试穿 try it/them on
32. one floor of restaurants 一层楼的餐馆
33. the kites flying in the sky飞在空中的风筝
34. a group of little people一群小人儿
35. near a bus stop在公交车站附近
36. five floors of shops五层商店
37. take notes 记笔记
38. like watching films喜欢看电影
39. know sb./sth. well熟悉某人/某物
二、句子
1. Maybe she is interested in music./ She 她也许对音乐感兴趣。 be/become interested in … = have interest in … 对……感兴趣
E.g. I am / become interested in collecting stamps. 我对集邮感兴趣。
= I have interest in collecting stamps.
2. ---What about some hair clips? ---(That’s a)Good idea. ---（买些）发卡怎么样？ ---好主意。
3. What can I do for you? / Can I help you? 要我帮忙吗？/您要买什么？
4. How much does this skirt cost? / How much is this skirt? / this skirt? 这条短裙多少钱？
It costs 200 yuan. / It’s 200 yuan./ The price of this skirt is 200 yuan.
5. The trousers my mum 380 yuan. 这条裤子花了我妈妈380元。sth cost sb …(money) My mum the trousers. sb spend …(money/time) on sth My mum sb spend …(money/time) (in) doing sth
My mum the trousers. sb pay …(money) for sth
6. The skirt me very well. I’ll take it. 这条短裙很合我的身。我买了。
fit还可以用于形容词，意思是“适合的”、“健康的”。
E.g. Sports shoes are fit for a long walk. 运动鞋适合长时间的旅行。
You need to do more exercise to keep fit. 你应该多运动以保持健康。
7. I want to buy some presents different from Amy’s. 我想要买一些和艾米不同的礼物。 be different from … 与……不同
American school life is different from Chinese school life. 美国的学校生活和中国的学校生活不同。
8. I have enough money for the computer. 我有足够的钱买这电脑。
=I have enough money the computer.
9. ---Would you like some tea? ---Yes, please. /---No, thanks.
你要喝些茶吗？ 好的。/不，谢谢。
10. ---Can I have some oranges? ---Of course, help yourself (to some oranges.)
---我可以吃些橘子吗？ ---当然可以，随便吃些吧。
11. How do you use your pocket money? 你怎么使用你的零花钱？
12. Would you like to help the children in some poor areas? 你愿意帮助一些贫困地区的孩子们吗？
13.We can use our pocket money to buy them these things.我们可以用我们的零花钱给他们买这些东西。
14. What’s your size?/ What size are your feet?/ What size do you wear? 你穿多大码的？
Size 40. 40码。
15. This pair of shoes nice. Can I try them on? 这双鞋看上去很漂亮。我可以试穿一下吗？
16. These apples are very sweet. Can I have one? 这些苹果很甜。我可以再吃一个吗？
too large. Can I try on这双鞋子太大了。我可以再试一双吗？
这家购物中心是会见朋友和玩乐的好地方。
… be a good place to do sth. 某地是做某事的好地方。
E.g. The park is good place to fly kites. 这个公园是放风筝的好地方。 Sanya is a good place to spend your holiday. 三亚是度假的好地方。
20. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
21. There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪。
校门口有个女孩在等你。
在这个购物中心有五层楼的商店。
在这家餐馆有来自各地的食物。
Unit8
一、词组
1. think about 考虑
2. spend ten more minutes in bed
spend another ten minutes in bed
在床上多呆10分钟
3. lend sb sth. us your red blouse
=lend your red blouse to us
把你的红衬衫借给我们
4. too large for me 对于我来说太大了
too adj. for sb. 对于某人来说太…
5. hold/have/give a fashion show
举办一个时装表演会
6. different styles of clothes 不同风格的衣服
7. be popular among/ with sb. 受…欢迎
8. wear a blue scarf 带一条蓝色围巾
9. both of them 他们两个都
10. a red silk blouse 一件红色丝绸衬衫
a black wool skirt 一条黑色羊毛短裙
leather 皮革 cotton 棉
11. a pair of boots/ shoes/ trousers
一双靴/鞋/一条裤子
12. go for a big dinner 去吃大餐
13. go to Sunshine Park with Millie
和Millie 一起去阳光公园
14. feel soft and smooth 摸上去又软又光滑
15. be made of wool 用羊毛制成的
be made of…由…制成(看得出原材料)
be made from…由…制成(看不出原材料)
16. match/ go well with any other colour
和任何其他颜色都很配
17. light and comfortable 又轻巧又舒适
18. my fashion design 我的服装设计
19. not too long or too large
= neither too long nor too large
记不太长又不太大
not…or… =neither…nor…既不…也不
20. look smart in dark blue 穿深蓝看上去很精干
look… in…穿…看上去…
dark/ light blue深/浅蓝色
21. include a pair of blue jeans
包括一条蓝色牛仔裤
22. talk about the fashion show 谈论那场时装秀
23. Millie from Class 1, Grade 7
来自七1班的Millie
24. today’s picture show 今天的图片展
25. ladies and gentlemen女生们和先生们
26. write to sb. 写信给某人
27. wait for … 等候……
28. look at the model 看这个模特
二、句子
1. I am thinking about what to wear. (P92, Picture 1) 我正在考虑该穿什么。
* be doing 进行时，表示“正在做某事”
E.g. He is lying on the bed and watching TV now. 他正躺在床上看电视。
Listen! Our English teacher is singing an English song. 听！我们英语老师正在唱一首英文歌。
—Where is Amy? —She is looking for her dancing shoes. 男孩子们此刻不在操场上玩。
—Are you doing your homework? 你在写作业吗？
—Yes, I am./ No, I’m not. 是的，我在。/ 不，我不在。
* what to wear 是“疑问词+ to do(不定式)”结构，在句中作think about 的宾语。 E.g. I’m thinking about where to go tomorrow. 我正在考虑明天去哪儿。
2. Trainers are light and comfortable and are popular among young people.(P94, lines5-6) 运动鞋轻便舒适，在年轻人中很受欢迎。
*be popular among/ with sb. 受…欢迎
E.g. Ice cream is popular among/ with children. 冰淇淋深受孩子们欢迎。
That singer is popular among young people. 那个歌手深受年轻人的欢迎。
*among表示“在（三者以上）之间”，而between表示“在（两者）之间”。
E.g. Among them, he is the best. 他是他们中间最优秀的。
He is the tallest among the boys in his class. 他是他们班男生中最高的。
Don’t eat between meals. 两餐之间不要吃东西。
3. Here comes Simon.(P96, Part B4)看，Simon来了。www.shanpow.com_其它女孩用英文可以说the,other,girls吗。
这是here开头的倒装句。通常给某人东西或指出某物时会这么说。
E.g. Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。
Here you are. 给你。
4. What a great show!(P96, Part B4) 这场演出真棒！
这是一个感叹句，也可用how表示：How great the show is!www.shanpow.com_其它女孩用英文可以说the,other,girls吗。
what引导的感叹句的结构是：What + (a/an) + adj. + noun +( S + V)!
how引导的感叹句的结构是：How + adj. /adv. + S + V!
E.g. Look! How clean our classroom is! 看！我们的教室多干净啊！
How cold it is today! /What a cold day it is today! 今天真冷啊！
What great fun it is to swim in summer! 在夏天游泳多么有趣啊！
Look! How fast he is running! 看！他跑得多快啊！
5. Trainers are fit for a long walk.(P100, Part A3)
运动鞋 适合长时间的步行。
*句中fit 是形容词，意为“合适的”，be fit for…
E.g. The food is not fit for kids. 这食物不适合孩子吃。
* fit 作为形容词还可表示“健康的”
E.g. You need to do more exercise to keep fit. 你应该多锻炼以保持健康。
* fit也可用作动词，意为“适合”
E.g. This pair of shoes fits me very well. 这双鞋很合我的脚。
6. They are made of leather.（P100, Part B）
它们是皮革做的。
be made of 意为“由…制成”（看得出原材料）
be made from 意为“由…制成”（看不出原材料）
E.g. This bottle is made of glass.这个瓶子是由玻璃制成的。
Paper is made from wood. 纸是由木头制成的。
7. I think white shirts look clean, and white matches any other colour. (P103, Part B)
我认为白衬衫看起来干净，而且白色跟任何和其他颜色都搭配。
句中any other+单数名词，意为“任何其他……之一”。
E.g. Mary is taller than any other girl in her class. Mary比班上任何其他的女孩都高。 =Mary is taller than the other girls in her class.
=Mary is the tallest girl in her class.
8. Oh, it’s too large for me, but Sandy can wear it. She’s tall.（P93 Part B）
哦，它（衬衫）对于我来说太大了，但Sandy可以穿。她很高。
*too + adj. for sb. to do sth. 对某人…太…
E.g. You’re too old to play with toys. 你太大了不适合玩这些玩具了。
It’s too noisy for me to listen to music. 太吵了我不怎么好听音乐。
9. Today we are going to show you different styles of clothes.(P94 lines2-3)
今天我们将向你们展示不同风格的衣服。
*be going to 打算，计划做某事
E.g. We are going to visit the Great Wall. 我们打算去参观长城。
10. Both of them are wearing blue jeans.(P94, lines12-13)
他们俩都穿着蓝色牛仔裤。
*both (两者)都
【三】:浅谈英语语言中性别歧视
中文摘要
性别歧视在不同的社会制度和国家中都不同程度地存在。而作为一种普遍的社会现象，自然会在语言中得到折射。本文介绍了英语中的性别歧视语的种种表现形式，分析了这种现象产生的社会原因和文化根源，并总结了在英语语言运用过程中消除性别歧视的方法。
关键词: 英语语言；性别歧视;产生原因；消除方法
Abstract
Sex discrimination exists in all the social systems and countries, and as a common social phenomenon, it is surly reflected in language. This paper lists out different forms of sex discrimination in English, analyses the social and cultural causes of such phenomenon and summarizes the corresponding methods of eliminating sex discrimination in English speaking.
Key words: English; sex discrimination; causes; methods of eliminating
引言
在社会生活中，语言对男女一视同仁，但语言是文化的载体，并在人们不断使用的过程中逐渐得到丰富和发展。作为一个地区，一个民族约定俗成的一种表达方式，语言必然会反映出一定的社会价值观念和民族思维方式。性别歧视是以性别为基础而产生的一种社会歧视现象，«朗曼英语词典» 对“性别歧视”的解释是：“以性别为基础的歧视，尤其是男性对女性的偏见。《美国传统字典》的定义是“一种性别成员对另一性别成员，尤其是男性对女性的歧视”。虽然它可以表现为男性对女性的歧视，也可以表现为女性对男性的歧视。但是“性别歧视”通常是对女性的歧视，是人们对女性的偏见和男女社会地位不平等的反映。“女性长期以来被看作是the weaker sex/the second sex，是男性的陪衬和附属品。即使在标榜人权，平等的西方发达国家中也是如此。而现代女权运动轰轰烈烈的发展形势正是对这一不平等现象的反抗和反映。”[1](P80)从而在语言中，出现了多种多样的性别歧视语，英语也不例外。
一、性别歧视语言现象
（一）人际称谓
亲昵称谓
在西方，男性上司称呼他们的女性下属时可以用一些表示亲密关系的昵称，如sugar, darling, sweetie, girlie; 反过来，女性下属却不能用这些昵称来称呼她们的上司，而且女性上司也不能如此来称呼她们的男性职员，可是，陌生男子或非亲密关系的男子却可用昵称来称呼女子，这说明在英美社会女性比男性社会地位低，受到的尊重比男性少。[2](P74)
姓名称谓
在西方 ,女子婚前一般用父姓 ,婚后改用丈夫的姓 , 例如 :在西方婚礼上 ,新郎新娘步入教堂时 ,牧师宣布:“I now pronounce you man and wife.”“婚后的男子依旧是man ,而婚后的女子则由Miss变成了wife这种现象不乏女权主义者和职业妇女。”[2](P74) 当时的美国总统Bill Clinton的夫人Hilary Rodhamon也在为自己的 ,即支持已婚女性不仅应当标注夫姓 ,而且只应当标注夫姓 ,而不应继续标注父姓。尽管Hilary Rodhamon本人是一位女权运动者 ,但她还是把自己的名字根据丈夫和自己的政治需要, 先从Hilary Rodhamon改为Hilary Rodhamon Clinton, 最后改为Hilary Clinton。但是, 不管怎么改, 都不能超出如下选择: 要么跟父亲姓, 要么跟丈夫姓。这种以丈夫的姓冠之于前的称呼 ,表明妇女出嫁后就成了丈夫的私有财产, 是属于丈夫的, 因此无法得到与丈夫平等的权利。未婚女性用Miss冠以父姓, 已婚的用Mrs.或Lady冠以丈夫的姓氏。
指代称谓
1）提到男女双方时，双方不是处于平等地位，而是男先女后。
King and queen, brother and sister, father and mother, boys and girls, husband and wife, Adam and Eve, man and woman, Mr. Lucas and his wife Louise.
2）. 一些形式上没有男性标志的词意，人们习惯上把它们当作是男性词看待。
英语及其它讲英语国家的人习惯认为 professor, doctor, lawyer, surgeon, barrister, magistrate 等为男性，当我们听到有人说：My cousin is a professor 时，多数人会断定professor为男性。若要说明这些词是女性的，一般可在前面加上woman, lady, female 等 修饰语。如:woman professor, lady doctor, female worker等，这些所谓的中性词的用法从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断，相反地teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人们一般认为是女性，如为男性时前面要加上male或是man,如:male nurse, man teacher。这些习惯除了历史现实情况有关，也可以说是一种社会偏见。
（二）词语发展
首先，表面上对应的词,含义却往往褒男贬女在英语中往往通过对女性名词的恶化来达到性别歧视的目的。几乎所有的女性名词都带有贬义,如queen, lady, mistress, madam等,其贬义为“雌猫”、“情妇”、以及“鸨母”等,而与之对应的king, lord, master, father 等词,如将他们的起首字母大写即可升格为“上帝”、“基督”、“主”、“神”等意义。
其次，英语中常用一些动物的名称来指称某些女性。
比如:bat(贱妇,丑妇,妓女);dog(丑妇,贱妇,没有成就的女人,妓女);chicken(见面熟的年轻女人);cat(恶妇,包藏祸心的女人,可卑的女人);cow(子女多的女人,肥胖而不整洁的女人,经常怀孕的女人,妓女);mutton(放荡的女人,做少女打扮的老妇女,妓女)。
并且，英语中还有一些带有轻蔑色彩,专指中老年妇女的词汇。
比如:trot(老太婆);hen(爱管闲事或嘴碎的中年妇女);warhorse(粗声大气,肥胖固执的女人);crone(干瘪皱皮的老太婆);hag(爱做坏事的老丑妇);witch(老丑妇);biddy(长舌妇);harridan(面容枯槁,脾气暴躁的老妇)。
（三）谚语运用
理性类
宋朝黄六鸿《福惠全书，弄名部》载：“妇人水性杨花，焉得不为所动”，诋毁女子“用情不专”，“缺乏理性”，在英语中就有相类似的谚语。
Long hair and short wit. (头发长，见识短)
When an ass climbs a ladder, we may find wisdom in women.
(若要女子有才智，除非毛驴攀上树)
言及女子“感情游移”“二三其德”的有：
A woman’s mind and winter wind change a lot.
（冬天里的风，女子的心胸---变化异常）
Women, wind and fortune are ever changing.
（女子，风向与命运，翻天覆地无常态）
婚嫁类
A fair face is half a portion.
（姿色艳，嫁妆半）
When the candles are out, all women are fair.
（烛灯熄，无妍女）
Daughters and dead fish are no keeping wares.
（女大不中留）
Marry your son when you will, your daughter when you can.
（娶媳不忙，嫁女宜速）
There are many good women, it’s true; but they are in their graves.
（世上好女实在多，可惜都在坟里卧）
He that has a white horse and a fair wife never wants trouble.
（倘若妻俊马俊，一世难得安静）
性情类
一代文豪莎士比亚曾云：“弱者，你的名字是女人”（Frailty, your name is woman） 弱女子的典型形象特征是“泪水涟涟”。
Woman is made to weep.
(女子生来好哭)
Nothing dries so fast as a woman’s tears.
（易干不过女子泪）
Woman is made of glass.
（女子脆复弱，象是玻璃货）
Glass and lasses are brittle wares.
（少女嫩脆，瓷杯易碎）
（四）职业中的性别歧视
许多表示职业的名词,如engineer ,pilot, scientist ,writer, doctor，pilot, scientist, engineer, pilot等对男女都适用,本来是中性词汇,本身没有性的区别。“由于历史上男性长期占据社会主导地位,人们习惯把它们与男性联系起来。”[3] (P210)如要特别指女性从事相同职业时,往往在前面加上female, woman lady, 从而使女性职业名词在外在的形式上呈现出“有标志性”,如woman doctor, female pilot, woman scientist, woman lawyer等。而行业名称冠以男性标记反而不符合语言习惯,但男保姆、男护士除外。只有一些地位较底的职业,如nurse, secretary等,传统上让人联想到女性,而与男性无缘。这种习惯除了与历史和现实有关,也可以说是一种性别歧视。
二、英语语言中性别歧视现象产生的原因
（一）、历史原因
在西方文化传统中,男性一直被认为富于创造力。在《圣经》里,创造世界的耶和华为男性,而耶和华创造的亚当亦是男性,亚当的妻子夏娃只不过是亚当一条肋骨的衍化物,这一传统观念就把创造力固定在男人身上,后人便有了“男性的特质是创造力的天赋”的说法。并且在圣经《创世纪》关于上帝造人的神话成了语言起源学说的联想依据。“在他们看来,既然上帝造了亚当这天下第一个男人,语言中的“性”范畴就应将阳性置于首位。如果把两者的顺序颠倒过来,就不符合语言习惯。 ” [4](P132)英语语法并没有规定“先男后女”的语序,但人们在长期的言语习惯中,大都以男为先,女为后,女性只能是跟随在男性后面的第二性别。男先女后的语序是如此常见,以至于反过来如说woman and man ,she or he等则会令人感到不习惯。
（二）、社会原因
性别歧视的根源可以追溯到史前时代男女所扮演的性别角色。由于男性的肌肉比女性肌肉发达,又不生育,于是他们担当起打猎、耕作的角色,妇女体弱、要生育,所以负责照顾孩子、料理家庭、采集食物等。那时,男女角色虽然不同,但还没有一方价值高于另一方的观念。“随着社会生产力的不断发展,男子逐渐从事更多的农业生产活动,占据了主导地位,妇女的地位随供给食物能力的降低而下降。”[5](P113)到了中世纪时期,妇女由于能生养孩子,能为土地所有者生养合法继承人,她们成了地主丈夫的宝贵财产。为了使妇女处于这样的地位,统治者便借助法律令女性屈服和受制于丈夫,于是,各种约束妇女的各种社会规范和习俗开始形成。在漫长的父系社会里,妇女地位低下,依附男性,受制于男性,这种观念逐渐根深蒂固,被人们视为理所当然。直到二十世纪,妇女的地位有了很大的改善,但是社会化偏见是在社会化的过程中，通过社会群体，父母，亲友，伙伴的言传身教和大众传媒（广播，电影，电视，报纸）获得的。人们对女性的歧视和偏见也是从父母，亲友或群体的交往中直接获得的，或通过大众传媒获得的。在英语中，受传统观念的影响，对女性的语言歧视已经成为了一种恶性循环。比如，人们一看到或听到“virgin”和“prostitute”这两个词，首先想到的就是“处女”和“妓女”的意思，而很少想到它们还分别可用于指“处男”和“男娼”。
（三）、生理原因
记的有人写道：在医院的育婴室里，每个刚出生的婴儿的小床上都有说明性别的标记，上面清楚写着：“I am a boy”或“It is a girl”.这里男孩的称呼是I, 而女孩却用it。在婴儿还不知道什么是语言时，而在他们的身上已深深打上了文化和语言的印记。在英语中用男性物主代词his指代包括女性在内的任何人的现象也不胜枚举。例如Has everyone completed his assignment?还有Everyone should do his best on the exam.这里的his已经包括了女性在内。虽然女性享有就业、选举、教育等等同男性一样的权利,然而女性仍然处于社会的边缘,被认为是“弱者”(the weaker sex)和“他者”(the other);男性始终占据主导地位。” [6](P210)根据1980年的联合国统计,男性拥有世界资源的99%,而女性拥有的资源不到1%。“因此说,对女性的歧视与偏见有长期的社会历史根源。”[6](P219)
三、消除英语语言中性别歧视的方法
随着社会的发展和妇女社会地位的不断提高，尤其是随着美国女权运动的高涨，消除语言中的性别歧视的呼声越来越高。这其中核心问题有两个：如何直接剔除语言中的性别歧视词（sexist words）；如何消除第三人称代词泛指而引起的性别歧视问题。我们从英语性别歧视词的转换方式和如何选用恰当的人称代词来消除性别歧视问题的对策这几个方面来进行介绍和讨论。
（一）、 性别歧视词转换成无性别歧视词（non-sexist words）的方法
1 尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词，即无性别歧视词，例如：immigrant, voter, officer, coach, church member, grandparent, employee, testee, patriot, customers, dealer, clerk, civilian, politician, tutor, etc.
2.以阴性词缀-ess, ette, rix和enne 结尾的词要避免使用并改成无性别歧视的词缀：-or, an, er或ist。例如：actress →actor, administratrix →administrator ,suffragette →suffragist, usherette→ usher ,comedienne→ comedian .
3. 写信时，如果不知道收信人的具体性别时，最好不要使用传统的Dear Sir, Dear Gentleman, Dear Madam, 可用工作职称代替以免出现差错。例如：Dear friends of the library, Dear Madams and Sirs, Dear personnel officer, Dear Committee Member, Dear Agent, Dear Director.
（二）、规避第三人称代词泛指所引起的性别歧视问题的对策
1.采用复数形式
Sexist: When bathing a baby, never leave him unattended.
Revised: When bathing a baby, never leave them unattended.
2.用We/us/our改写原句
Sexist: From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.
Revised: From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.
3. 改用第二人称
Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.
Revised: You don’t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.
4.改用被动语态
Sexist: One who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both.
Revised: One who, when given the choice of two evils，chooses both.
5.用 he and she/ his and her ,但是使用的次数不宜太多，否则会造成用词累赘。 s/he仅仅可以用于备忘录(memos)，便条(notes)，或者非正式的交谈之中。
6.用名词或上下文中用过的同义词替代
Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye, to keep him, two.
Revised: To find a friend, one must close one eye, to keep a friend, two.
7.采用交替使用阳性和阴性来达到平衡
例如：A young child is often persuaded by advertisements to buy what he sees on television. When the child does shopping with a parent, she sees the product on the shelf, remembers it, and asks to have it.
（三）、英语教学作用
在英语教学中向学生传授新创立的中性表达法，学校和教师在语言的习得、文化的传授中起着不可低估的作用。改变对女性的否定态度,语言的改革也是重要的一环。语言教师同样也肩负着一份神圣的使命。在英语学习中,教师首先要规范自己的语言,在课堂上尽量避免带有性别偏见的语句。然后,教师根据教学内容把女权运动后英语中出现的新词、新用法传授给学生,有意识地加强性别平等的思想教育,让学生了解英语国家的社会变化、语言动态。应该强调妇女不应该被忽视。女人们每天在生活中仍然发挥着巨大的影响力。没有女人就没有男人的成功。女人们用自己的智慧竭尽全力使每个家庭生活更丰富多彩。
四、结 论
在使用上面谈到的方法、对策时，我们一定要把握一个“度”，具体使用那一种方法、对策要取决于它能否使我们的写作、会话顺利进行并达到预期的效果。“正如以前女性主义思想家认为,女性与语言疏远太久,与她们的女性经验疏远太久,使她们不能将自己的经历符号化。”[7] (P331)传统的标准句法和确定的文类都代表父权制话语结构。因此女性主义试图找到新的语言和新的文学形式对女性现实做出反映。她们批评并激烈地改变既存语言,大胆地进行创作实验,使用新词、新拼写、新语法结构、新意象和新隐喻以远离父权语言的权威结构,为女性寻求一片新的话语空间。女性主义的口号之一就是“妇女通过语言获得完全的解放”。而且，“语言是社会的一面镜子,语言中所折射出的性别差异和性别歧视现象并不是由语言符号本身的自然属性决定的,而是特定社会的价值观念和民族思维方式在语言中的必然反映。”[8](P287)语言本身是中性的,但语言的使用者却可以按照其社会观念和价值观念,赋予语言一定的语用色彩。若要消除语言包括人际称谓系统中的性别歧视现象,首先需根除社会上存在的性别歧视观念,语言的变革只有在社会变革的基础上才能最终实现。
从以上论述可以看到女性要获得自身的真正解放与不平等要做不懈努力。语言对社会的反映经历了漫长的过程。旧的歧视清除了,新的歧视还会反映到语言中来。语言中性别歧视的真正消除,只能寄希望于在社会现实中,男女真正的平等。“索绪尔认为语言不仅是交际工具,还是思想的载体,没有语言作为载体和工具,人的思维也就无法发展。”[9](P267)性别歧视的改观不能等待男权的施舍,要女性自我的觉醒,要女性自己的参与。在强势和弱势文化的交汇中,同样需要弱势文化自身的努力。强调性别差异的重要性是必要的,但它只是过渡性的,女性不能只作为女性说话,男性也不能只作为男性说话。要走出性歧视的误区,出路在于语言的中性化,而实现语言的中性化,在于不断提高语言觉悟。因此,“女性运动要取得实质性的进展,不是依靠女性自身就能完成的,不仅需要世界范围内广大女性的团结,更需要寻求作为人类另一半的男性的支持与配合,因此更有必要加强与男性的沟通和协商。”[10](P113)
参考文献
[1] 邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化[Ｍ].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1989。
[2] 蒋桂红.谚语视野里的性别歧视[Ｊ].宁波大学学报, 2004, 第1期。
[3] 朱伯通等译.哥伦比亚美国文学史[Ｍ].成都:四川辞书出版社,1994。
[4] 穆凤良,李秀萍.英语中的性歧视与中性化[Ｊ].外语与外语教学,1998。
[6] 让•雅克•卢梭. 洪涛译.论语言的起源[Ｍ].上海:上海人民出版社,2003。
[7] 王德春,孙汝建,姚远.社会心理语言学[Ｍ].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1995。
[8] 柏子明.英语中的性别歧视及女权运动对英语的影响[Ｊ].四川外语学院学式化报,1999。
[9](美)埃莱娜•肖瓦尔特.走向女权主义诗学.《新女权批评》及序言[Ｍ].纽约:潘修恩图书公司,1987。
[10]朱跃.论英语词义的变化和使用所反映出的对妇女性别的歧视现象[Ｊ].四川外语学院,1995。
【四】:英语手抄报图片简单又漂亮 女生画的
学生做英语手抄报是提高英语语言实践能力的重要手段。下面是小编为大家带来的英语手抄报图片简单又漂亮 女生画的，希望大家喜欢。
英语手抄报图片简单又漂亮 女生画的1：不要对自己说不可能
Paige Peter is a professor in the Department of communication at Marcel University in the United States. When he was 5 years old, Peter lost 97% of his eyesight. Although nearly blind, but he refused to enter the school of disabilities, and to seek the opportunity to study in public schools. He competed in softball team, served as the first base, by dint of softball in the grass on the howling of managed to catch the ball. He played football as second-line interception; when he was enrolled at universities and research institutes, often ask students to reading to him; when he became a professor at the University and won the top outstanding professor's reputation.
One day, Professor Ssagepit students a bold, what is the worst of the disabled, blind or deaf? Lack of hand or lack of legs, or other? At that time, a neutral when filled with a stagnant and ominous silence. After that, Peter said seriously: "these are not. No anger, no responsibility, lack of desire, is the real disability. In this lesson, if I had not taught you anything, but can let you understand something closely related to the life, to accept and affirm oneself, do not on their own said impossible -- this lesson will is a great success! "
John Coutis is a disabled, and suffering from cancer, he did not have legs to dive, no feet can drive a car, is a number of sports champion, won the honor of the national coach of the two.
John Coutis although no feet, but he walked more than other people have to be long, all to the hard way. John Coutis, although no other tall, but he reached a lot of ordinary people can not reach the peak of the cause. He is full of love for life, with all the love of life. Many people were moved by his strong and unyielding will, can not help but curious to ask: your performance is incredible, you are how successful? John Coutis replied, never say impossible to yourself! It is this belief that led to the success of John Coutis.
Many years ago, there was a 4 year old boy named Macfarlane who was playing in the woods behind his own farm. Suddenly, a wild boar was not far away, the boy opened his eyes. However, before he had time to take a closer look at the felt, a sharp pain in the face, hands of the neighborhood kids essential playing extreme heat welding device hit the on his face, suddenly, his world into the darkness. After examination, the boy's left eye was broken, after 6 weeks, due to sympathetic ophthalmia is serious, his right eye lost sight. From then on, he can only learn to touch things with his hands, with his feet to measure distance. Soon after, he can in the orange grove picked those big and soft fruit; from the outside accurately went to his bed; then he entered the a school for the blind, learn a lot of knowledge...
Even so, he is not happy, he felt that he lost is the most important thing, and therefore become inferior. Aware of the son's mind, has always been strict father of MacFarlane said: "children, your heart is in your eyes, with your 'minds' to accept and affirm oneself, don't to oneself say impossible! So that you can strengthen the confidence, full of vitality!"
His father's words gave him a revelation. Macfarlane no longer complain, but determined to use their own mind to guide their life on the road. He began to learn wrestling, even winning 20 games, he began to learn swimming, dash, discus, javelin, in the competition won the gold medal. He learned to play the piano, clarinet, trumpet. During high school, has won 11 Canadian national musical champion and 6 international sports Championships gold medal. Later, in America the first blind Water Ski Championships, he won again and set a new world record. By 1980, he became a consultant to the United States President's "health and sports" Council. At this point, he has won 103 medals. Losangeles Olympic Games in 1984, he became one of the best athletes from New York to the venue to pass the torch.
People or due to congenital or acquired due to the appearance of defects, which are unable to choose their own, but the state of mind, the spirit will be able to rely on their own strength to choose. "I am born to be useful", in today's complex world as long as you can overcome their own, will realize the value of their own. Please keep in mind: don't say no to yourself.
英语手抄报图片简单又漂亮 女生画的图一
英语手抄报图片简单又漂亮 女生画的图二
英语手抄报图片简单又漂亮 女生画的图三
英语手抄报图片简单又漂亮 女生画的图四
英语手抄报图片简单又漂亮 女生画的图五
英语手抄报图片简单又漂亮 女生画的2：must的用法
must 意为“必须，一定，准是”，表示说话人认为有必要做某事，或命令、要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。否定形式mustn't, 表示“不得”，“一定不要”。如：
I ______ finish my work today。我今天必须完成我的工作。
You mustn't drive after drinking。你绝不能酒后驾车。
(1)must 与 have to 的区别： must 表示说话人的主观意愿;have to 表示客观需要。如：
I must do my homework first。我必须首先做家庭作业。
It is raining hard outside; I _____ stay at home。外面雨下得很大，我不得不待在家里。
(2)回答由must 引导的疑问句的提问
①肯定回答：Yes, …must. 如：
―Must I go home now? 我必须现在吧回家吗?
―Yes, you must. 是的，你必须(现在回家)。
以上是小编给大家整理的英语手抄报图片简单又漂亮 女生画的，欢迎大家阅读收藏。
【五】:艾玛沃特森联合国演讲稿中英文
艾玛·沃特森(Emma Watson)，1990年4月15日出生于法国巴黎，英国女演员。以下是小编整理了艾玛沃特森联合国演讲稿中英文，供你参考。
艾玛沃特森联合国演讲稿英文：
Today we are launching a campaign called “HeForShe。”
I am reaching out to you because I need your help. Wewant to end gender inequality—and to do that we need everyone to be involved。
This is the first campaign of its kind at the UN: wewant to try and galvanize as many men and boys as possible to be advocates forgender equality. And we don’t just want to talk about it, but make sure it istangible。
I was appointed six months ago and the more I havespoken about feminism the more I have realized that fighting for women’s rightshas too often become synonymous with man-hating. If there is one thing I knowfor certain, it is that this has to stop。
For the record, feminism by definition is: “The beliefthat men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. It is the theoryof the political, economic and social equality of the sexes。”
I started questioning gender-based assumptions when ateight I was confused at being called “bossy,” because I wanted to direct theplays we would put on for our parents—but the boys were not。
When at 14 I started being sexualized by certainelements of the press。
When at 15 my girlfriends started dropping out oftheir sports teams because they didn’t want to appear “muscly。”
When at 18 my male friends were unable to expresstheir feelings。
I decided I was a feminist and this seemeduncomplicated to me. But my recent research has shown me that feminism hasbecome an unpopular word。
Apparently I am among the ranks of women whoseexpressions are seen as too strong, too aggressive, isolating, anti-men and,unattractive。
Why is the word such an uncomfortable one?
I am from Britain and think it is right that as awoman I am paid the same as my male counterparts. I think it is right that Ishould be able to make decisions about my own body. I think it is right thatwomen be involved on my behalf in the policies and decision-making of mycountry. I think it is right that socially I am afforded the same respect asmen. But sadly I can say that there is no one country in the world where allwomen can expect to receive these rights。
No country in the world can yet say they have achievedgender equality。
These rights I consider to be human rights but I amone of the lucky ones. My life is a sheer privilege because my parents didn’tlove me less because I was born a daughter. My school did not limit me becauseI was a girl. My mentors didn’t assume I would go less far because I might givebirth to a child one day. These influencers were the gender equalityambassadors that made who I am today. They may not know it, but they are theinadvertent feminists who are. And we need more of those. And if you still hatethe word—it is not the word that is important but the idea and the ambitionbehind it. Because not all women have been afforded the same rights that Ihave. In fact, statistically, very few have been。
In 1997, Hilary Clinton made a famous speech inBeijing about women’s rights. Sadly many of the things she wanted to change arestill a reality today。
But what stood out for me the most was that only 30per cent of her audience were male. How can we affect change in the world whenonly half of it is invited or feel welcome to participate in the conversation?
Men—I would like to take this opportunity to extendyour formal invitation. Gender equality is your issue too。
Because to date, I’ve seen my father’s role as aparent being valued less by society despite my needing his presence as a childas much as my mother’s。
I’ve seen young men suffering from mental illnessunable to ask for help for fear it would make them look less “macho”—in fact inthe UK suicide is the biggest killer of men between 20-49; eclipsing roadaccidents, cancer and coronary heart disease. I’ve seen men made fragile andinsecure by a distorted sense of what constitutes male success. Men don’t havethe benefits of equality either。
We don’t often talk about men being imprisoned bygender stereotypes but I can see that that they are and that when they arefree, things will change for women as a natural consequence。
If men don’t have to be aggressive in order to beaccepted women won’t feel compelled to be submissive. If men don’t have tocontrol, women won’t have to be controlled。
Both men and women should feel free to be sensitive.Both men and women should feel free to be strong… It is time that we allperceive gender on a spectrum not as two opposing sets of ideals。
If we stop defining each other by what we are not andstart defining ourselves by what we are—we can all be freer and this is whatHeForShe is about. It’s about freedom。
I want men to take up this mantle. So their daughters,sisters and mothers can be free from prejudice but also so that their sons havepermission to be vulnerable and human too—reclaim those parts of themselvesthey abandoned and in doing so be a more true and complete version ofthemselves。
You might be thinking who is this Harry Potter girl?And what is she doing up on stage at the UN. It’s a good question and trust meI have been asking myself the same thing. I don’t know if I am qualified to behere. All I know is that I care about this problem. And I want to make itbetter。
And having seen what I’ve seen—and given the chance—Ifeel it is my duty to say something. English statesman Edmund Burke said: “Allthat is needed for the forces of evil to triumph is for enough good men andwomen to do nothing。”
In my nervousness for this speech and in my moments ofdoubt I’ve told myself firmly—if not me, who, if not now, when. If you havesimilar doubts when opportunities are presented to you I hope those words mightbe helpful。
Because the reality is that if we do nothing it willtake 75 years, or for me to be nearly a hundred before women can expect to bepaid the same as men for the same work. 15.5 million girls will be married inthe next 16 years as children. And at current rates it won’t be until 2086before all rural African girls will be able to receive a secondary education。
And for this I applaud you。
We are struggling for a uniting word but the good newsis we have a uniting movement. It is called HeForShe. I am inviting you to stepforward, to be seen to speak up, To be the he for she. And to ask yourself ifnot me, who?if not now when?
Thank you。
艾玛沃特森联合国演讲稿中文：
今天，我们启动了一项名为“他为她”的运动。
我向你伸出手，因为我需要你的帮助。我们希望终结性别不平等——为此，我们需要所有人都参与其中。
这是联合国同类运动中的第一项：我们希望努力并激励尽可能多的男人和男孩倡导性别平等。而且希望这(性别平等)不只是空谈，而是确确实实的看得见摸得着。
六个月前，我被任命为联合国妇女亲善大使。而随着我谈论女权主义越多，我越发现，“争取女性权益”太容易被当作是“憎恨男人”的同义词。如果说有一件事是我确实知道的，那就是，这样的误解必须停止。
必须郑重声明，女权主义的定义是：“相信男性和女性应该拥有平等权利和机会。它是性别间政治、经济和社会平等的理论。”
8岁时，我开始质疑某些基于性别的假设。我不明白，为什么我想在为家长[微博]上演的戏剧里担任导演，就会被说成“专横”，而男孩们则不会;
14岁时，我开始被媒体报道的某些元素性别化;
15岁时，我的女性朋友们开始退出各自的运动队，因为她们不希望显得“肌肉发达”;
18岁时，我的男性朋友们无法表达他们的感受。
我认为自己是一名女权主义者，这(身份认定)对我来说并不难。但我最近的调查发现，女权主义已经成为一个不受欢迎的词。
显然，我成了那些言辞看起来过于强势、过于激进、孤立、反男性、不吸引人的女性行列中的一员。
为什么这个词如此令人不安?
我来自英国，我认为身为女性，我应该和男性同行获得一样的报酬。我认为我应该自己为自己的身体做决定。我认为应该有女性代表我参与政治，以及我的国家的决策制定。我认为在社会上，我应该和男性获得相同的尊重。但遗憾的是，世界上没有一个国家能使所有的女性都能获得上述权利。
世界上没有一个国家能说，他们已经实现了性别平等。
这些权利，我认为是每个人都该享有，然而(事实是)我只是众多幸运儿中的一个。我的生活是完完全全的特例，因为我的父母没有因为我生为女儿而减少对我的爱，我的学校没有因为我是女孩而限制我，我的导师没有因为我将来可能要生孩子而认为我会走不远。这些影响了我的人，都是性别平等大使，是他们造就了今天的我。他们也许并不知道，但他们是无心的女权主义者。而我们现在，则需要更多这样的人。所以，如果你仍然憎恨这个词——重要的不是这个词，而是它背后的想法和抱负。因为并不是所有女性都能够享有我所拥有的权利。事实上，从统计数据看，真的非常少。
1997年，希拉里克林顿在北京做了一个关于女性权益的着名演讲。很遗憾，很多她希望改变的事实今天仍存在。
我注意到，听众里只有30%是男性。当只有世界上的一半的人参与并融入这场对话时，我们怎么可能做出影响世界的改变?
男人们——我希望利用这个机会正式的邀请你们加入。性别平等也与你们有关。
因为到目前为止，我看到，我父亲作为家长所发挥的作用被社会所低估，虽然作为孩子，我所需要的他的陪伴和我需要母亲的一样多。
我看到，年轻男性因为害怕自己显得不够“男子汉大丈夫”，从而在承受心理困扰时窘于寻求帮助——事实上，在英国，自杀已经是20-49岁男性的第一死亡原因，比交通事故、癌症和冠心病造成的死亡都多。我看到，男人因为对男性成功的扭曲理解而感到脆弱和不安全。性别不平等对男性也没有好处。
我们并不常谈及男人因为性别刻板印象而入狱，不过我可以看到，事情真是这样。并且当他们自由时，女性的境遇也会自然发生变化。
如果男性不再为了被认可而变得强势好斗，女性也不会再感到被迫逆来顺受。如果男性不再被迫掌控一切，女性也不会再被迫受掌控。
男人和女人都可以敏感;男人和女人都可以强壮……是时候把性别理解为光谱，而不是南辕北辙的两派。
如果我们不再把对方定义为自己的对立面，而是把对方定义为我们的一员——我们都会更加自由。这就是“他为她”运动所倡导的。这就是自由。
我希望男性负起这个责任。这样他们的女儿、姐妹和母亲都能够拥有免于偏见的自由，同时，他们的儿子也能被允许脆弱和感性——拥有这些他们曾经摈弃的特质，他们才是更真实和完整的自己。
你可能会想，这个从《哈利波特》里走出的姑娘是谁?她在联合国的讲台上做什么?这是一个好问题。相信我，我也问过自己相同的问题。我不知道我是否够格站在这里。我所知道的是我关心这个问题。我希望它能变好。
同时，因为我目睹过那些事情——并且我又有机会——我感到自己有责任说些什么。英国政治家埃德蒙德?伯克曾说：“恶势力要想取胜很容易，只要足够多的、善良的男人和女人们什么都不做就可以了。”
当我为这次演讲感到紧张和疑虑时，我坚定的告诉自己——如果不是我，那又该是谁;如果不是现在，那又该是何时?如果当你面对机会时也有类似的疑虑，希望这些话能对你有所帮助。
因为现实是，如果我们什么也不做，那么女性实现与男性同工同酬需要花上75年，而要我说，这恐怕得花上几乎一百年。1550万女孩会在未来16年被迫童婚。同时，按现在的发展速度，在2086年以前，非洲农村都无法实现所有女孩都能接受中等教育。
如果你相信平等，你可能是我前头说到的那些无心的女权主义者的一员。
为此，我为你鼓掌喝彩。
我们正在努力争取一个团结的世界，好消息是，我们已经有了一个团结的运动。它叫做“他为她”。我邀请你站出来，展示自己，畅所欲言，成为一个为女性权益奋斗的男性。以及，问自己：如果不是我，那又该是谁;如果不是现在，那又该是何时!
谢谢。
艾玛沃特森人物评价：
获得“哈利·波特”系列电影中赫敏一角的那一年，沃特森只有九岁。而第七部《哈利·波特与死亡圣器(上)》在北美上映时的她已出落成一位亭亭玉立、颇受时尚界青睐的少女明星。从9岁到20岁，艾玛·沃特森是赫敏·格兰杰，从20岁以后， 艾玛·沃特森成为她自己。2010年6月，长达11年的《哈利·波特》系列电影拍摄结束，丢掉魔杖、卸下戏服的沃特森并不打算继续演戏，而是选择先在美国常春藤名校之一的布朗大学完成学业，她选择走朱迪·福斯特和娜塔莉·波特曼那样的才女明星之路。戏外艾玛·沃特森也是个聪明而骄傲的小孩，当她迫不及待地宣称自己的成熟时，她孩子气的幼稚就显露无遗。艾玛·沃特森是没长残的童星代表之一，越长越有让人深陷的魅力。 越来越美得无可救药，每次亮相都惊艳了眼球。 端庄中多了分女王的犀利感，搭配一抹红唇，俏皮又妖娆，简直是女神。艾玛·沃特森让整个人的气息都立刻变得清新而且动人，优雅唯美中透出可爱的诱人魅力。
