【www.shanpow.com--英文简历】
【一】:复活节的习俗介绍中英文版
复活节的习俗介绍中英文版
ASundaybetweenMarch22andApril25
ThemeaningofmanydifferentcustomsobservedduringEasterSundayhavebeenburiedwithtime.Theiroriginslieinpre-ChristianreligionsandChristianity.Allinsomewayoranotherarea"salutetospring,"markingre-birth.ThewhiteEasterlilyhascometocapturethegloryoftheholiday.Theword"Easter"isnamedafterEastre,theAnglo-Saxongoddessofspring.Afestivalwasheldinherhonoreveryyearatthevernalequinox（春分）.
Peoplecelebratetheholidayaccordingtotheirbeliefsandtheirreligiousdenominations（命名）.ChristianscommemorateGoodFridayasthedaythatJesusChristdiedandEasterSundayasthedaythatHewasresurrected（复活）.Protestantsettlersbroughtthecustomofasunriseservice,areligiousgatheringatdawn,totheUnitedStates.
ThisyearEasterwillbecelebratedonSundayApril11,2004.OnEasterSundaychildrenwakeuptofindthattheEasterBunnyhasleftthembasketsofcandy.Hehasalsohiddentheeggsthattheydecoratedearlierthatweek.Childrenhuntfortheeggsallaroundthehouse.NeighborhoodsandorganizationsholdEasteregghunts,andthechildwhofindsthemosteggswinsaprize.
TheEasterBunnyisarabbit-spirit.Longago,hewascalledthe"EasterHare."Haresandrabbitshavefrequentmultiplebirthssotheybecameasymboloffertility.ThecustomofanEasteregghuntbeganbecausechildrenbelievedthathareslaideggsinthegrass.TheRomansbelievedthat"Alllifecomesfromanegg."Christiansconsidereggstobe"theseedoflife"andsotheyaresymbolicoftheresurrectionofJesusChrist.
Whywedye,orcolor,anddecorateeggsisnotcertain.InancientEgypt,Greece,RomeandPersiaeggsweredyedforspringfestivals.InmedievalEurope,beautifullydecoratedeggsweregivenasgifts.
EggRolling
InEngland,Germanyandsomeothercountries,childrenrolledeggsdownhillsonEastermorning,agamewhichhasbeenconnectedtotherollingawayoftherockfromJesusChrist'stombwhenhewasresurrected.BritishsettlersbroughtthiscustomtotheNewWorld.
IntheUnitedStatesintheearlynineteenthcentury,DollyMadison,thewifeofthefourthAmericanPresident,organizedaneggrollinWashington,D.C.ShehadbeentoldthatEgyptianchildrenusedtorolleggsagainstthepyramidssosheinvitedthechildrenofWashingtontorollhard-boiledeggsdownthehillylawnofthenewCapitolbuilding!Thecustomcontinued,exceptfortheyearsduringtheCivilWar.In1880,theFirstLadyinvitedchildrentotheWhiteHousefortheEggRollbecauseofficialshadcomplainedthattheywereruiningtheCapitollawn.Ithasbeenheldthereeversincethen,onlycanceledduringtimesofwar.Theeventhasgrown,andtodayEasterMondayistheonlydayoftheyearwhentouristsareallowedtowanderovertheWhiteHouselawn.ThewifeofthePresidentsponsorsitforthechildrenoftheentirecountry.Theeggrollingeventisopentochildrentwelveyearsoldan
dunder.Adultsareallowedonlywhenaccompaniedbychildren!
Traditionally,manycelebrants（司仪神父）boughtnewclothesforEasterwhichtheyworetochurch.Afterchurchservices,everyonewentforawalkaroundthetown.ThisledtotheAmericancustomofEasterparadesalloverthecountry.PerhapsthemostfamousisalongFifthAvenueinNewYorkCity.
GoodFridayisafederalholidayin16statesandmanyschoolsandbusinessesthroughouttheU.S.areclosedonthisFriday.
复活节是最古老最有意义的基督教节日之一。它庆祝的是基督的复活，世界各地的基督徒每年都要举行庆祝。复活节还象征重生和希望。时间是春分月圆后的第一个星期日。
复活节是基督教纪念耶稣复活的节日。传说耶稣被钉死在十字架上，死后第三天复活升天。每年在教堂庆祝的复活节指的是春分月圆后的第一个星期日，如果月圆那天刚好是星期天，复活节则推迟一星期。因而复活节可能在3月22日至4月25日之间的任何一天。
典型的复活节礼物跟春天和再生有关系：鸡蛋、小鸡、小兔子、鲜花，特别是百合花是这一季节的象征。复活节前夕，孩子们为朋友和家人给鸡蛋着色打扮一番。这些蛋有的煮得很老，有的只是空空的蛋壳。复活节那天早上，孩子们会发现床前的复活节篮子里装满了巧克力彩蛋、复活节小兔子、有绒毛的小鸡及娃娃玩具等。据说复活节兔子会将彩蛋藏在室内或是草地里让孩子们去寻找。一年一度的美国白宫滚彩蛋活动经常被电视台实况转播。
在多数西方国家里，复活节一般要举行盛大的宗教游行。游行者身穿长袍，手持十字架，赤足前进。他们打扮成基督教历史人物，唱着颂歌欢庆耶稣复活。如今节日游行已失去往日浓厚的宗教色彩。节日游行洋溢着喜庆的气氛，具有浓烈的民间特色和地方特色。在美国，游行队伍中即有身穿牛仔服踩高跷的小丑，也有活泼可爱的卡通人物米老鼠。在英国，游行多以介绍当地的历史和风土人情为主，游行者化装成为苏格兰风笛乐队以及皇宫卫士，吸引了众多的游客。复活节的到来还使人们纷纷换上新衣。过去基督教教徒会在节前去教堂行洗礼，然后穿上自己的新袍，庆祝基督的新生。穿戴一新的习俗保留至今，因为人们认为节日里不穿新衣是要倒运的。复活节期间，人们还喜欢彻底打扫自己的住处，表示新生活从此开始。
德国政府规定复活节休息两天。在节日里，家人团聚，品尝各种传统食品，亲戚朋友见面要互相祝贺。象征生命的蛋、火、水、兔等成了复活节的吉祥物。鸡蛋和兔子在西方是新的生命和兴旺发达的象征。鸡蛋的本色象征太阳，把鸡蛋染成红色则象征生活幸福。在复活节中，父母要特地为孩子们准备制成鸡蛋、兔子形状的巧克力糖。亲友间要互赠彩蛋。在莱茵河中游和黑森东部的一些城镇，至今保留着“彩蛋树”这一古老习俗。人们把成百的蛋壳涂上彩画，串成蛋链，在复活节这天挂在松树上，制成彩蛋树，大人孩子围着彩蛋树唱歌、跳舞、庆祝复活节。而阿尔卑斯山的姑娘们则通过赠送红鸡蛋来表达自己的爱情。在复活节这天，姑娘如果向某一小伙子赠送三个红鸡蛋，表示姑娘向小伙子求爱。关于兔子成为复活节的吉祥物，是有一段传说的。
在古代耶稣复活之日，正值斯堪的纳维亚地区居民庆祝大地回春的“春太阳节”，作为草原、森林动物中多产动物之一的兔子，它象征了春天的复苏和新生命的诞生，同时它又是爱神阿弗洛狄特的宠物，也是日尔曼土地女神霍尔塔的持
烛引路者。因此，现在兔子作为给孩子们送复活节鸡蛋的使者，深受孩子的宠爱。'在复活节这一天孩子定会收到兔形礼物。火不仅给人类带来了光明，也使大地获得了新生。作为耶稣再生的象征，复活节的许多活动都与火相关。
复活节这一天，人们在教堂前点烛以示圣化，并将圣烛迎进千家万户。这一天，孩子们最快乐的事是把圣火送到各家。他们在教堂前用圣火点燃树枝，然后奔跑着送到各家各户，其间充满着欢快的节日气氛。在德国的巴伐利亚地区，每年的复活节居民们都要举行火炬赛跑，以庆祝耶稣的再生。而北莱茵上威斯特法伦州的吕克台复活节滚火轮更是远近闻名。六个巨型大木轮被火点燃滚下山谷，就像六个火球从天而降，漆黑的山谷被大火轮照得通明，它与五彩缤纷的焰火交相辉映，再次显示了火给人类带来了新生。
作为德国惟一的少数民族索布族人则是用百骑大合唱的形式来庆祝耶酥的复活。一个个身穿黑色上衣、头戴黑色礼帽的索布族人，骑在用彩带、鲜花和白色贝壳装饰的骏马上，浩浩荡荡地行进在林间小路上。他们边走边用粗犷雄厚的嗓音高唱赞歌，场面十分壮观。
复活节与食物
在欧洲，因为有四旬期(复活节前40天)的守斋的缘故，在每次复活节用餐前，都先予以祝圣；因此第七世纪时，就有祝圣羔羊的记载出现了，之后又多了油脂和火腿的祝圣。
其实四旬节守斋是禁止吃蛋类的。到了十二世纪，才开始有鸡蛋的祝圣；因此在复活节时，天主教徒会把蛋涂成红色，请神父祝圣，自己也用作礼物送给朋友，这是为什么现在复活节都要送彩蛋的最早起源。
除了鸡蛋外，还有其它食品，如奶油、乳酪、面包等的祝圣。在礼仪改革前的圣教典礼中，仍保留了羔羊、蛋、面包的祝圣经文。
在欧洲许多国家，复活主日的主餐均食羔羊肉，因为在祝圣羔羊时，可让人纪念摩西借着羔羊的血，领导以色列人出埃及，而这羔羊(后来称为逾越节的羔羊)是耶稣的预表：他是上帝的圣洁羔羊，藉他在十字架上所留的血，使人类得以洗净罪，脱离魔鬼的奴役。
蛋也象征春天及新生命的开始。到了基督徒的时代，更赋予了一层宗教意义：象征耶稣复活走出石墓。
而面包则使基督徒们想到耶稣是永生的活粮。在欧洲许多国家中，复活节通常会另外烤制特别的复活节面包，面包上画有基督耶稣的字样、十字架，或羔羊的图案等，以纪念基督。
复活节岛与复活节
在烟波浩渺的南太平洋上，有一个面积仅为165平方公里的小岛－－复活节岛，它以神秘的巨石人像和奇异的风情吸引着无数游人。复活节岛是智利的一个小岛，距智利本土3600多公里。据说，1722年荷兰探险家雅可布·洛吉文（JabboRoggeween）在南太平洋上航行探险，突然发现一片陆地。他以为自己发现了新大陆，赶紧登陆，结果上岸后才知道是个海岛。正巧这天是复活节（1722年4月5），于是就将这个无名小岛命名为复活节岛。1888年，智利政府派人接管该岛，说来也巧，这天又正好是复活节。
【二】:复活节英语活动
复活节活动计划
活动目的：招生宣传
星期一：www.shanpow.com_复活节英文单词。
活动准备：复活节英语律动音乐、有关于复活节的教具准备。
活动内容：
1、学习复活节律动、有关复活节的英语单词、英语句型等
2、布置园内复活节大环境：横幅、图片、气球、英文单词/句型展示
星期二：
活动准备：准备大小不同的彩蛋、准备水彩笔、蜡笔
活动内容：
1、与幼儿一起布置班级小环境。
2、全园各班开展“Colour Easter Eggs（画彩蛋）活动。
星期三：
活动准备：每个小朋友带2-5颗糖果、家长为孩子自制一个小兔子头饰、老师制作一个小篮子（放糖果用）
活动内容：
全园小朋友可以分场地进行复活节游行活动,教师扮演成Easter Bunny（小兔子）手里提着小篮子，然后部分教师组织幼儿进行游行，游行主要以有关Easter的单词与句子来提出问题，让幼儿进行回答，答对的小朋友奖励一个小礼物。
星期四：彩蛋世界
活动准备：准备30个鸡蛋、彩色笔
活动内容：组织中、大班小朋友在操场上现场绘制彩蛋。
星期五：复活节亲子活动
活动准备：教师将昨天画的彩蛋藏在幼儿园的各个地方、准备复活节的音乐。
活动内容：全园一起进行复活节活动。
活动安排：
1、与小朋友一起互动学英语。
2、师生一起跳律动。
3、《Egg Hunt》亲子找彩蛋活动。
4、活动结束。
复活节相关英语单词、句型、儿歌:
单词：Easter Bunny Easter eggs basket toys
句型： color the eggs hide the eggs
go on an egg hunt go on a parade
Let’s color the eggs. Let’s hide the eggs.
Let’s go on an egg hunt. Let’s go on a parade.
I am a rabbit. Let’s go on a parade.
儿歌：
One:
Easter Bunny! Hop! Hop! Hop!
Hide the eggs, down and up.
Two:
Egg hunt! Egg hunt!
Fun! Fun! Fun!
How many eggs have you won?
Maybe ten or maybe none!
Three:
Easter is coming. The children color the eggs. The Easter Bunny hides the eggs.
On Easter morning the children go on an egg hunt. Then, they go on a parade. They are happy. Chicks, eggs and rabbits are signs of Easter.
【三】:欧洲复活节假期放几天
一般一些重要的节日根据相关国家政策的规定都会放假，而复活节做为一个西方的重要节日放几天假呢?这几天有什么活动或者安排?随学习啦小编去了解一下。
复活节的由来
复活节和圣诞节一样，是外来的节日。
《圣经.新约全书》记载，耶稣被钉死在十字架上，第三天身体复活，复活节因此得名。复活节是基督宗教最重大的节日，重要性超过圣诞节，宗教起源与节期在以色列。按《圣经?马太福音》的说法，耶稣基督在十字架上受刑死后三天复活，因而设立此节。历史学家根据《圣经》和先进以色列人逾越节的日期，推算出在春分日(3月21日)之后月满后的第一个星期天就是《圣经》中讲到耶稣复活的日子。由于每年的春分日都不固定，所以每年的复活节的具体日期也是不确定的。但节期大致在3月22日至4月25日之间。
关于耶稣基督之死，按基督教教义，是为了赎世人的罪;耶稣基督的身体复活，是为了叫信徒得到永生。因此，在基督宗教中，复活节具有极度重要伟大的意义。
www.shanpow.com_复活节英文单词。 英国大部分节日都起源于宗教。复活节发生在过了春分月圆后的第一个星期日，原是纪念西亚异教神明巴力的同父异母妹妹亚斯塔路降生的日子，亚斯塔路也是巴力的情妇。相传巴力得知妹妹亚斯塔路生于一枚天鹅蛋中，就去灌木中寻找;找到了，就抱在怀里孵化出了一只兔子;兔子长大后成了一个美女，和巴力同居，后来在巴力危难之际还救过巴力一命。英语单词Easter的词源就是亚斯塔。
复活节是为了纪念谁
复活节是为了纪念耶稣基督于公元30到33年之间被钉死在十字架之后第三天复活的日子。
欧洲复活节假期几天
欧洲复活节假期三天。
第一天：圣周四，耶稣与门徒共进最后的晚餐。
第二天：圣周五，耶稣被判处死刑并被钉在十字架而死，作为静思冥想的象征，钟声停止了敲响。
第三天：圣周一，耶稣在死后的第三天(也就是周一)复活，钟声又开始彻响，庆祝耶稣基督复活
【四】:圣诞节的由来中英文
圣诞节(Christmas)又称耶诞节，译名为“基督弥撒”，西方传统节日，在每年12月25日。弥撒是教会的一种礼拜仪式。圣诞节是一个宗教节，因为把它当作耶稣的诞辰来庆祝，故名“耶诞节”。下面是学习啦小编整理的圣诞节的由来中英文，欢迎大家阅读!
圣诞节的由来中英文：The Origin of Christmaswww.shanpow.com_复活节英文单词。
Christmas Day-December 25-which celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ， the founder of the Christian religion， is the biggest and best-loved holiday in the United States.
According to the Bible， the holy book of Christians， God decided to allow his only son， Jesus Christ， to be born to a human mother and live on earth so that people could understand God better and learn to love God and each other more. "Christmas"- meaning "celebration of Christ "- honors the time when Jesus was born to a young Jewish woman Mary.
Mary was engaged to be married to Joseph， a carpenter， but before they came together， she was found to be with child. Because Joseph， her husband， was a righteous man and did not want to expose her to public disgrace， he had in mind to divorce her quietly. But after he had considered this， an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said， "Do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife， because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. She will give birth to a son， and you are to give him the name Jesus， because he will save his people from their sins."
Although the exact date of the birth of Jesus nearly 2，000 years ago is not known， the calendar on the supposed date divides all time into B.C. (Before Christ )and A.D. ( a Latin phrase， Anno Domini， "in the year of our Lord.")For the first 300 years， Jesus’ birthday was celebrated on different dates. Finally， in the year 354， church leaders chose December 25 as his birthday.
关于圣诞节的由来中英文版
圣诞节只是基督徒庆祝其信仰的耶稣基督(jīdū)诞生的庆祝日。圣诞节的庆祝与基督教同时产生，被推测始于西元1世纪。很长时间以来圣诞节的日期都是没有确定的，因为耶稣确切的出生日期是存在争议的，除了《新约》以外，没有任何记载提到过耶稣;《新约》不知道日期，当然就没有人知道确切日期了。在西元后的头三百年间，耶稣的生日是在不同的日子庆祝的。西元3世纪以前的作家们想把圣诞日定在春分日上下。直到西元3世纪中期，基督教在罗马合法化以后，西元354年罗马主教指定儒略历12月25日为耶稣诞生日。现在的圣诞节日期跟西元纪年的创制是密不可分的。
西元纪年创制于西元5世纪，后来圣诞节这一天就按格里高利历法，即西元纪年的“公历”来确定了，而日历按着假定日期把时间分为公元前(耶稣基督诞生前)和公元后(A. D. 是拉丁文缩写，意思是“有了我们主--耶稣的年代”)。后来，虽然普遍教会都接受12月25日为圣诞节，但又因各地教会使用的历书不同，具体日期不能统一，于是就把12月24日到第二年的1月6日定为圣诞节节期(Christmas Tide)，各地教会可根据当地具体情况在这段节期之内庆祝圣诞节。西方教会，包括罗马天主教、英国圣公会和新教，确定的圣诞日是公历的12月25日。东正教会确定的圣诞日是公历1月7日(实际上是叫“主显日”)，这与东正教没有接受格里高利历改革和接受修正后的儒略历有关，因此把圣诞节在1900年到2099年的这一段时间内将延迟到1月7日。保加利亚和罗马尼亚也是东正教区，但圣诞节日期上遵循西欧习惯为12月25日，但复活节则遵从习惯。而最古老的基督教会亚美尼亚使徒教会确定的是公历1月6日，同时亚美尼亚教会更关注主显节，而不是圣诞节。圣诞节也是西方世界以及其他很多地区的公共假日，例如：在亚洲的香港、马来西亚和新加坡。世界上的非基督徒只是把圣诞节当作一个世俗的文化节日看待。
教会开始并无圣诞节，约在耶稣升天后百余年内才有。据说：第一个圣诞节是在公元138年，由罗马主教圣克里门倡议举行。而教会史载第一个圣诞节则在公元336年。由于圣经未明记耶稣生于何时，故各地圣诞节日期各异。直到公元440年，才由罗马教廷定12月25日为圣诞节。公元1607年，世界各地教会领袖在伯利恒聚会，进一步予以确定，从此世界大多数的基督徒均以12月25日为圣诞节。十九世纪，圣诞卡的流行、圣诞老人的出现，圣诞节也开始流行起来了。
这个词的含义是指“基督的弥撒(Christ’s mass)”，即“为基督的一次聚餐”。这个仪式源自《新约》的“最后的晚餐”。而“基督的弥撒(Christ’s mass)”这个词是希腊语和拉丁语的拼凑，因为Christ来自希腊语Χριστ??，意思本来只是指犹太人的“受膏者”，引申为救世主;而mass来自拉丁语missa，本意为散会(dismissal)，引申为基督教会感恩聚会。所以有时又缩写为“Xmas”。这可能是因为 X 类似于希腊字母 Χ(Chi);Χ 是“基督”的希腊语 Χριστ??ì(Christos)中的首个字母。为了尊重其它信仰的人士，以淡化圣诞节的宗教色彩。荷兰语名称类似英语，称作Kerstroeten。圣诞节西班牙语称为Navidad(或Pascuas)，葡萄牙语称为Festas，波兰语称为Narodzenie，法语称为Noel，意大利语称为Natale，加泰罗尼亚语称为Nadal，意思是“诞生”，更清晰地反映圣诞节的意思。与此相对，德语称为Weihnachten，意思为“神圣的夜晚”。
圣诞节的由来中英文：
“圣诞节”这个名称是“基督彌撒”的缩写。The name Christmas is short for "Christ’s Mass".圣诞节是个基督教节日，庆祝耶稣基督诞生。Christmas is a Christian holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ.英文圣诞一词源于古英语，意思是基督的弥撒，或基督的节日。The word Christmas comes from Cristes maesse, an early English phrase that means Mass or festival of Christ.至于频繁使用的圣诞节的简写形式“ Xmas ”，学者们认为也许是始于 13 世纪。Scholars believe the frequently used shortened form of Christmas - Xmas - may have come into use in the 13th century.在希腊语里，“ X ”是“基督”的首字母，同时“ X ”也象征耶稣受难的十字架。In Greek, X is the first letter of Christ's name, and also represents the cross on which Jesus was crucified
公元 4 世纪，罗马天主教会将耶稣的诞辰定在 12 月 25 日。In the 4th century the Roman Catholic Church chose December 25 as the day for the Feast of the Nativity圣诞节便是于十二月二十五日纪念耶苏的诞生，And that, Christmas is the feast of the nativity of Jesus, is on 25th, December every year.但真实的诞生日就沒有人知道了。But nobody know the actual birthday of Jesus.教会将 12 月 25 日定为基督教节日是为了给当时异教的冬至庆祝活动注入基督教的含义。The church chose December 25 for a Christian holy day in the hope of giving Christian meaning to existing pagan celebrations of the winter solstice。结果，很多异教习俗逐渐融入圣诞节的庆祝活动。As a result, many pagan customs gradually became part of the Christmas celebration.
到了 12 世纪，圣诞节已成为欧洲最重要的宗教节日。By the 12th century, Christmas had become the most important religious festival in Europe. 19 世纪，两个圣诞节习俗，即装饰圣诞树和向亲友赠送圣诞卡，变得流行起来。In the 19th century, two Christmas customs became popular - decorating Christmas trees and sending Christmas cards to relatives and friends.许多著名的圣诞颂歌也是在这一时期创作的。Many well-known Christmas carols were composed during this period.
对于大多数过圣诞节的人来说，这个节日是家庭、朋友聚会的日子，享用美酒佳肴的日子，互赠礼物的日子。For most people who celebrate Christmas, the holiday season is an occasion for gatherings of family and friends, feasting, and giving gifts.圣诞节的庆祝活动对许多工商企业也变得日益重要了。The celebration of Christmas became increasingly important to many kinds of businesses.
圣诞节的重要传统之一是接受圣诞老人赠送的礼物。One of the most important Christmas traditions is receiving gifts from Santa Claus.许多小孩子相信自己在圣诞节收到的礼物来自圣诞老人。圣诞老人是个快活的胖老头儿，长着白胡子，身穿红袍，头戴红帽。据说圣诞老人从北极附近的某地出发，驾着驯鹿拉的雪橇从空中飞到各家，从烟囱进入屋内，留下礼物。Many young children believe that the presents they receive at Christmas are given by Santa Claus, who is a jolly, white-bearded fat man in a red suit and red hat. According to the story, Santa Claus travels through the air from somewhere near the North Pole in a sled drawn by reindeer (驯鹿) and comes down the chimney to leave the presents.现在，许多国家，包括美国、加拿大、英国 和澳大利亚，都有圣诞老人把节日礼物送给孩子们。Today, Santa Claus brings presents to children in many countries, including the United States, Canada, Great Britain and Australia.许多商店雇人装扮成圣诞老人，倾听孩子们的愿望。
Many department stores hire people to wear a Santa Claus costume and listen to children's requests.在英国，圣诞老人也叫“ Father Christmas ”。 In Great Britain Santa Claus is also called Father Christmas.圣诞节前几周，孩子们就开始写信给圣诞老人，告诉他自己想要什么礼物。During the weeks before Christmas, children write letters to Father Christmas and tell him what presents they would like to receive.然后他们把信扔进壁炉的火里。They then throw these letters into the fire.他们相信，如果上升的气流把灰烬顺烟囱带了上去，他们的愿望便会得到满足。Children believe that if a draft draws the letter up through the chimney, their wishes will be fulfilled.
在美国，圣诞节宴席上的传统食物有填馅的火鸡、土豆泥、越橘酱等。A traditional Christmas dinner in America includes stuffed turkey (火鸡) , mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce (越橘酱) , and a variety of other dishes.烤火鸡不但在美国，在加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰也是圣诞宴席上最普遍的主菜。Roast turkey is the most popular main course not only in the United States, but also in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.也有的人家不吃火鸡，而吃火腿或烤鹅。Some families have ham or roast goose instead of turkey.人们最喜欢的饭后甜点包括甜馅饼或南瓜馅饼、李子布丁和水果蛋糕。Favorite desserts include mince pie or pumpkin pie, plum pudding and fruitcake.蛋奶酒是许多家庭喜欢的饮料。Eggnog is a popular Christmas beverage (饮料) in many homes.在英国，圣诞宴在中午举行，传统食品有烤火鸡或烤鹅、圣诞布丁、甜馅饼和葡萄酒。In Britain, Christmas dinner is eaten at noon, and the dinner usually includes roast turkey or goose, Christmas pudding with mince pies, and accompanied by wine.
圣诞节的由来中英文：
Christmas is a Christian holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. No one knows the exact date of Christ's birth, but most Christians observe Christmas on December 25. On this day, many go to church, where they take part in special religious services. During the Christmas season, they also exchange gifts and decorate their homes with holly, mistletoe, and Christmas trees. The word Christmas comes from Cristes maesse, an early English phrase that means Mass of Christ. The story of Christmas comes chiefly from the Gospels of Saint Luke and Saint Matthew in the New Testament.
The history of Christmas dates back over 4000 years. Many of our Christmas traditions were celebrated centuries before the Christ child was born. The 12 days of Christmas, the bright fires, the yule log, the giving of gifts, carnivals(parades) with floats, carolers who sing while going from house to house, the holiday feasts, and the church processions can all be traced back to the early Mesopotamians.
Many of these traditions began with the Mesopotamian celebration of New Years. The Mesopotamians believed in many gods, and as their chief god-Marduk. Each year as winter arrived it was believed that Marduk would do battle with the monsters of chaos. To assist Marduk in his struggle the Mesopotamians held a festival for the New Year. This was Zagmuk, the New Year's festival that lasted for 12 days.
The Persians and the Babylonians celebrated a similar festival called the Sacaea. Part of that celebration included the exchanging of places, the slaves would become the masters and the masters were to obey. The ancient Greeks held a festival similar to that of the Zagmuk/Sacaea festivals to assist their god Kronos who would battle the god Zeus and his Titans.
The Roman's celebrated their god Saturn. Their festival was called Saturnalia which began the middle of December and ended January 1st. With cries of "Jo Saturnalia!" the celebration would include masquerades in the streets, big festive meals, visiting friends, and the exchange of good-luck gifts called Strenae (lucky fruits). The Romans decked their halls with garlands of laurel and green trees lit with candles. Again the masters and slaves would exchange places.
"Jo Saturnalia!" was a fun and festive time for the Romans, but the Christians thought it an abomination to honor the pagan god. The early Christians wanted to keep the birthday of their Christ child a solemn and religious holiday, not one of cheer and merriment as was the pagan Saturnalia.
Some legends claim that the Christian "Christmas" celebration was invented to compete against the pagan celebrations of December. The 25th was not only sacred to the Romans but also the Persians whose religion Mithraism was one of Christianity's main rivals at that time. The Church eventually was successful in taking the merriment, lights, and gifts from the Saturanilia festival and bringing them to the celebration of Christmas.
The exact day of the Christ child's birth has never been pinpointed. Traditions say that it has been celebrated since the year 98 AD. In 137 AD the Bishop of Rome ordered the birthday of the Christ Child celebrated as a solemn feast. In 350 AD another Bishop of Rome, Julius I, choose December 25th as the observance of Christmas.
The birth of Jesus had a story: In Nazareth, a city of Galilee. The virgin's name was Mary was betrothed to Joseph. Before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Spirit. Joseph her husband was minded to put her away secretly. While he thought about these things, Gabriel, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and told him did not be afraid to take Mary as wife. And Mary will bring forth a Son, and he shall call his name, Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.
Before Jesus births, Joseph and Mary came to Quirnius was governing Syria. So all went to be registered, everyone to his own city. Joseph also went up out of Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and of the lineage of David, to be registered with Mary, his betrothed wife, who was with child. So it was that while they were there, the days were completed for her to be delivered. And she brought forth her firstborn Son, and wrapped him in swaddling cloths, and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn.
And that, Christmas is the feast of the nativity of Jesus, is on 25th, December every year. But nobody knows the actual birthday of Jesus. And the Christmas has become popular when Christmas cards appeared in 1846 and the concept of a jolly Santa Claus was first made popular in nineteenth Century.
The custom of giving gifts to relatives and friends on a special day in winter probably began in ancient Rome and northern Europe. In these regions, people gave each other small presents as part of their year-end celebrations.
In the 1800's, two more Christmas customs became popular--decorating Christmas trees and sending Christmas cards to relatives and friends. Many well-known Christmas carols, including ``Silent Night" and ``Hark! The Herald Angels Sing," were composed during this period. In the United States and other countries, Santa Claus replaced Saint Nicholas as the symbol of gift giving.
The word Xmas is sometimes used instead of Christmas. This tradition began in the early Christian church. In Greek, X is the first letter of Christ's name. It was frequently used as a holy symbol.
“圣诞节”这个名称是“基督弥撒”的缩写。弥撒是教会的一种礼拜仪式。耶诞节是一个宗教节。我们把它当作耶稣的诞辰来庆祝，因而又名耶诞节。这一天，世界所有的基督教会都举行特别的礼拜仪式。但是有很多圣诞节的欢庆活动和宗教并无半点关联。交换礼物，寄圣诞卡，这都使圣诞节成为一个普天同庆的日子。
圣诞节是基督教世界最大的节日。4世纪初，1月6日是罗马帝国东部各教会纪念耶稣降生和受洗的双重节日、称为“主显节”Epiphany，亦称“显现节”即上帝通过耶稣向世人显示自己。当时只有耶路撒冷的教会例外，那里只纪念耶稣的诞生而不纪念耶稣的受洗。
后来历史学家们在罗马基督徒习用的日历中发现公元 354年12月25日页内记录着：“基督降生在犹大的伯利恒。”经过研究，一般认为12月25日作为圣诞节可能开始于公元336年的罗马教会。12月25日原来是波斯太阳神(即光明之神)密特拉(Mithra)的诞辰，是一个异教徒节日，同时太阳神也是罗马国教众神之一。这一天又是罗马历书的冬至节，崇拜太阳神的异教徒都把这一天当作春天的希望，万物复苏的开始。可能由于这个原因，罗马教会才选择这一天作为圣诞节。这是教会初期力图把异教徒的风俗习惯基督教化的措施之一。后来，虽然大多数教会都接受12月25日为圣诞节，但又因为各地教会使用的历书不同，具体日期不能统一，于是就把12月24日到第二年的1月6日定为圣诞节节期(Christmas Tide)，各地教会可以根据当地具体情况在这段节期之内庆祝圣诞节。
【五】:颜色词的英汉文化内涵差异
摘要:颜色词在英汉两种语言中有着丰富的内涵,在文化心理和民族习俗中扮演着十分重要的角色。从黑色、白色的中文和英文含义可以看出中西文化的差异。了解并掌握这些颜色词汇的差异,对克服中西文化冲突,推动中西文化交流有一定的实际意义。关键词:颜色词;中西文化;差异
自然界是五颜六色的。颜色在人们心目中会产生特定的含义,引起特定的联想,激发特殊的反应,这就是颜色的社会内涵。汉语和英语中有不少颜色词反映出不同的文化心态和感情色彩。特别是汉语,自古以来就有丰富多彩的颜色词。同样,在英语中,也有不少能够折射出西方文化的颜色词。但由于英汉民族自然环境、社会制度、风土人情、文化背景不同,其内涵意义既有相似点,也有不同点。下面就中西方文化中黑色和白色颜色词的象征意义进行一些对比和探讨,以期对英语学习者带来些许兴致,提高英语学习者学习英语的热情,以及加深中国人对西方文化的了解。
一、黑色(black)
黑色(black)在英语和汉语两种语言文化中的联系意义大致相同。例如,黑色是悲哀的颜色,英美人在葬礼上穿黑色服装,中国人在葬礼上戴黑纱。英语中的Black Friday指耶稣在复活节前受难的星期五,是悲哀的日子。同时,黑色都代表黑暗、阴险、邪恶。比如汉语有黑社会、黑帮、黑幕,而英语中也有类似表达。如: black money(黑钱,指来源不正当而且没有向政府报税的钱); black market(黑市交易或黑市意为暗中进行政府禁止买卖的商品或外汇的交易,或指进行违法的投机市场); black market price(黑市价格); black day(凶日); black future(暗淡的前途); blackmail(勒索); black list(黑名单)。
但是,黑色在英语和汉语中也有不同的含义。黑色在中国古代象征尊贵、刚毅、严正、铁面无私、憨直、神秘等褒义。在戏剧脸谱中,往往用黑色脸谱象征人物的刚直不阿、严正无私或憨直的性格。另外,它又由于其本身的黑暗无光给人以阴险、毒辣和恐怖的感觉。它象征邪恶和反动,如指阴险狠毒的人是“黑心肠”,不可告人的丑恶内情是“黑幕”,反动集团的成员是“黑帮”、“黑手”,把统治者为进行政治迫害而开出的持不同政见者的名单叫“黑名单”,它又表示犯罪、违法,干盗匪行径叫“走黑道”,称杀人越货、干不法勾当的客栈叫“黑店”,把违禁货物叫“黑货”,违禁货物交易的场所称为“黑市”,利用非法手段得来的钱叫“黑钱”,把有组织犯罪并以实施某些犯罪为目的而形成的结伙、帮派、集团或组织称为“黑社会”等。
在英语中黑色也有其自己的文化内涵。众所周知,基督教文化对英美人影响深远。在《圣经》里,黑色象征魔鬼、邪恶、痛苦与不幸。所以,黑色(black)是西方文化的基本禁忌色,它象征死亡、凶兆和灾难,如black death黑死病, to wear black for her father为她父亲戴孝, black words不吉利的话, a black letter day凶日; 它又象征邪恶和犯罪,如Black Man邪恶的恶魔, a black deed极其恶劣的行为, black guard恶棍、流氓, blackmail敲诈、勒索;它也象征耻辱和不光彩,如a black mark污点,black sheep败家子, a black eye丢脸、坏名声;它还象征沮丧和前途暗淡,如black dog沮丧,意气消沉,The future looks black前途暗淡。在英语中black还象征气愤和恼怒。如: black in the face(脸色铁青); to look black at someone(怒目而视);He gave me a black look.他怒气冲冲地看着我。在文学及表演艺术上,黑色代表虚伪(falsehood),错误(error),因而,black humor(黑色幽默)指的就是一种荒诞、病态、过分夸张的幽默。
有趣的是,商业英语的be in the black却有好的意思,表示“有盈余”, 再比如:black figure / in the black(盈利、赚钱、顺差); black figure nation(国际收支顺差国)。
由此可见,黑色的英汉文化内涵还是有不少差异的。正是由于这些文化差异,在翻译过程中,有时候英语的“black”和汉语的“黑”是 不能等同的,比如:black sheep“败类”;black eye“丢脸”;black tea“红茶”;black swan“稀有罕见的东西”;black leg“工贼”;in one’s black books“被某人嫌恶”;black coffee(不加牛奶的咖啡); 而汉语中一些有“黑”的词不也能用black表示,如:黑心evil mind ; 黑手evil back stage manipulator; 黑幕inside story; 黑线a sinister line ; 黑话 (argot)、黑暗 (dark),黑面包 (brown bread). 这些都是我们在英语学习过程中应该注意,以免陷入颜色误区。
