【www.shanpow.com--繁体字转换】
【一】:雅思听力同义转换
雅思听力同义转换
准备IELTS的烤鸭们应该知道听力的核心是定位加理解，而理解的核心是同义转换。所以，得同义词者，得听力。既然同义词对听力解题如此重要，烤鸭们该如何取胜？
一、词性的转换
词性的转换，通俗地说就是变形，主要是指几种常见和常用的词性之间的转换，如名词、动词、形容词和副词等。
如剑桥8 Test4 Section4中的Q40
Symbolizes in Aboriginal culture
原文：Even today, Aborigines see the Rainbow Serpent as a symbol of creation. 分析：题目中的动词symbolizes被原文中的名词symbol替换，形容词Aboriginal被原文中的名词Aborigines替换。如果注意到这两者间的词性转换，就很容易听出答案creation。
再如剑桥4 Test3 Section2中的Q12
What will the reviewer concentrate on today?
A theatre
B dance
C exhibition
原文：For today’s report though, Geoffrey, I’m looking at some of the theatrical events that you might like to see.
分析：选项中的名词theatre被原文中的形容词theatrical替换，这样就可以轻松地选择A选项。
二、同义词或同义词组的转换
同义词的转换，顾名思义就是意思相同或相近的词之间的转换。词组的转换一般情况下是同
义词转换的一个衍生。如果一个词找不到合适的同义词解释，就会用一个意思接近的词组进行解释，有时甚至会用一个句子进行同义转换。
如剑桥5 Test4 Section1中的Q3
Intended length of stay:
原文：
---And how long would you want to stay with the host family?
---I’m planning on staying a year but at the moment I’m definitely here for 分析：题目中的intended被原文中的同义词planning替换，注意到这两者间的同义转换，就不难定位答案four months, 否则就很容易掉入出题者所设置的陷阱a year中。
再如剑桥9 Test1 Section2中的Q15
Shops specializes in equipment for
原文：…, but they particularly focus on running, and they claim to have the widest range of equipment in the country.
分析：题目中的词组specialize in被原文中的词组focus on替换。
还有在剑8 Test2 Section4中的Q35中出现了一个难度较大的词与句子间的同义转换 Shona needs to do further research in order to
Apresent the government with her findings.
B decide the level of extra funding needed.
C identify the preferences of the public.
原文：I will need to do more far-reaching research than I had anticipated in order , but larger, key medical units.
分析：仔细对比题目和原文，不难发现题目的正确选项中的单词preferences与原文中的句子结构if…,or if…是同义关系。这就提醒烤鸭们，在平时的备考练习中，除了掌握意思接近的同义词或词组外，还要掌握词与句子结构间的同义转换。
三、上下义的转换
上下义是指在语义上有包含与被包含关系的词语。通常，上义词是对事物的概括性说明，下义词是对事物的具体说明。
如剑桥8 Test4 Section2中的Q16
原文：painted red.
分析：题目中colored与原文中的red是上下义的同义转换关系，所以答案选B。
四、句子的转换
句子的转换主要是指主动句和被动句的转换，陈述句和疑问句的转换，以及肯定句和否定句的转换。
如剑桥4 Test1 Section2中的Q12
The metal industry was established at Riverside Village by who lived in the area. 原文：Water was the main source of power for the early industries and some of the water wheels were first established in the twelfth century, would you believe? on the bend in the river.
分析：题目中的被动句be established by…与原文中的local craftsmen built…构成了同义转换，导致答案前置，所以本题的难度系数较大，不易定位答案local craftsmen。
再如剑桥8 Test4 Section2中的Q12
It has been decided that the overhead power lines will be
A extended.
B buried.
C repaired.
原文：Well, I’m happy to report that the power company haveagreed to move the overhead power lines underground at a cost of $800,000.
分析：题目中的被动句It has been decided that the overhead power lines will be与原文中的主动句the power company have agreed to move the overhead power 进行了同义转换，所以答案选B。
还有在剑桥7 Test4 Section3中的Q22
The presentation will not be .
原文： ---No, not this time round, because it’s the first one, you know.
分析：题目中的陈述句与原文中的疑问句进行了同义转换，导致答案前置，但是因为答案
assessed离关键词not很近，所以不难定位。
最后看剑桥5 Test2 Section2中的Q14
What does Dan say about the town of Rivas?
A It has received the greatest number of bikes.
B It has almost as many bikes as Amsterdam.
C Its economy has been totally transformed.
原文：One example of a town that’s received bicycles from Pedal Power is Rivas. It was the first place I sent a full container of bicycles to. Most people there now own a bicycle. The local economy has developed so much,you wouldn’t recognize it as the same place. In fact, there are more bikes than on the streets of Amsterdam, if you’ve ever been there.
分析：正确选项中的肯定句Its economy has been totally transformed与原文中的否定句The local economy has developed so much, you wouldn’t recognize it as the same place进行了同义转换。
综上所述，同义转换在雅思听力中可以说是无处不在的，不仅Section1中有，Section4中也有；不仅填空题中有，选择题中也有。烤鸭们在做题的时候要注意哪里出现了同义转换，是怎样进行转换的，不仅能扩充自己的词汇量，也有助于了解出题者的思路和常见的陷阱，做到“知己知彼，百战不殆”。另外，它山之石可以攻玉，烤鸭们还可以把听力中学到的同义词灵活运用于阅读和写作中，为阅读和写作添色。
1. 动词篇
预订 book/reserve/booking/reservation
提前 in advance/ahead of time/ahead of schedule/before
支付，花费，价格 pay/cost/price/fee/fare/expense/charge
帮助 help/support/sponsor/assist/aid
找到，发现 identify/discover/find/find out/look for/locate
【二】:同义词大全词典
A
a branch of/a division of a quarter of/a fourth of
abandon/give up/desert/cease/stop/quit abide by/ stick to/ adhere to abnormal/ unusual
abrupt/ sudden/unexpected
abundant/plentiful/adequate/sufficient/enough accelerate/ step up/quicken/speed up acclaim/hail
acceptable/satisfactorily account for/ explain
account/consideration/takeint accout/explain accumulate/ collect/gather/buildup accuse …of/ charge… with achieve/ attain/get/gain/abtain adhere/to follow/stick fast adverse/unfavorable advisable/wise aim /goal
aircraft/plane/aeroplane alike/similer
alleviate/ lessen/relieve
allocate /assign/distribute/gaven allow/permit
alternative/ choice
almost/nearly/vcitually/practically
ban/forbid,prohibit bare/barren barren/bare
be bordering on/be close to
be entitled to(do sth.)/have right to(do sth) be hailed as/be acclaimed as
be realized/be fulfilled/come true bearing/influence impact effect
call/phone
call … up/telephone call …off/cancel capability/ability care/remedy
careful/conscientious/cautious cater for/meet/satisfy census/count
certain/sure/inevitable
change/alter/modify/vary/shift change into/turn into characteristic/typical cheerful/pleasant/happy childish/immature clever/intelligert close/near/intimate
although/while/though an improved/a better
annoying/irritating/unpleasant annuallay/every year anyhow/anyway appalling/dreadful
appear/be seen/come into view/ be in sight apply to/put into / use / action / operation /function
appraisal/evaluation argue/contend arise/get up
arouse/excite/wake assemble/gather assert/state firmly assume/postulate astonish/surprise
at any price/for love or money at once/immediately at stake/in danger attend/go to
attend to/wait on
attraction/lure/temptation authentically/genuinely authority/government
B
because of/on account of/due to owing to/thanks to
before/previously/formerly/prior to behaviour/conduct blend/mix
branch/division brave/courageous break/beat
broaden/widen
C
collaborate/cooperate collide with/run into
come across/catch sight of/see sb/sth suddenly
compactly/densely compel/force/oblige complain/feel unhappy complete/finish compel/force/oblige
comprehend/understand/see/follow/ read catch one's meaning concise/short and clear confidential/secret
conscientious/careful/cautious consideration/account consolidate/strengthen
consume/use
contaminate/pollute contend/argue
continuously/steadily
conventional/orthodox traditional， conversation/talkwww.shanpow.com_be,close,to同义词。
convert/change/exchange
conviction/belief
D
damaging/harmful danger/hazard deadly/fatal/lethal debate/discuss decent/honest
decide/make up one's mind (to do sth)/be determined to(do sth) deduce/derive defer/postpone delete/write off
deliberately/intentionally/on purpose demand/insist on/request/require demolish/pull down densely/compactly
depend on/upon/rely on/upon/trust depict/describe
desirable/satisfactory deter/inhibit/prevent
E
effect/result elevate/promote
elicit/provoke/induce/trigger eligible/entitled,qualified embody/include encourage/spur
endeavor/try/attempt enormous/large
enternal/everlasting especially/particularly eternal/everlasting
F
fail/omit
fail to(do sth)/be unable to (do sth) fairly/without bias/justly fascinate/intrigue faster/cultivate fatten up/polish
faulty/wrong/mistaken/incorrect field/speciality/range/scope final/last
find fault with/Criticize/blame finish/copmlete fire/dismiss
copy/duplicate count/census
courteous/respectful/polite coverage/reportage
credible/convincing/believable criticize/find fault with cultivate/foster cut in/interrupt
deteriorate/worsen diligent/hardworking dimly/faintly weakly
disappear/vanish/be out of sight discuss/talk over dismiss/fired
disorder/confusion
distinguish/tell the difference distress/danger/difficulty diverse/varied/different do away with/get rid of doctor/physician draft/formulate draw/attract duplicate/copy
durable/long-lasting dying out/extinction
eventually/finally
exhaustive/extremely thorough exhibit/show/display expect/ wish / hope
experience/practical difficulty expire/died
explore/investigate/look into/probe/go through
extensive/massive extinction/dying out extract/take out
firm/company
for love or money/at any price,by all the means
for the most part/mostly
force/strength/power/compel/enforce foster/cultivate
formerly/before/previously framework/skeleton frightened/scared friendly/intimate frighten/scare
fulfill/realize/complete/accomplish/finish
G
gain/put on gain/profit
gain/obtain/attain/get/achieve, gangster/violent criminal gather/come together ga(u)er/measure gaze/stare
gently/mildly/kindly
get up/arise/get out of bed
H I
hail/acclaim
hard/difficult/severe
harmonious/proportionate/symmetrical harness/utilise/use/make use of/take advantage of
have an influence/impast/effect on hazard/danger
hazardous/dangerous
healthy/well/wholesome/vigorous highly/very horrify/terrify
idea/concept/plan.scheme identify/name
immediately/right away/at once/without delay/in no time (at all)
K.L
keep/remain/maintain/preserve kid/child
know/realize/be aware of last/past
lately/recently/these days
laugh at/mock/make fun of/make a fool of/make a joke with sb
M N
magnificent/splendid
make up one's mind/decide /be determined to manual/physical massive/extensive merely/just
mighty/very strong mildly/gently mind/brains/spirit
minute/slight/tiny/very small miraculous/amazing mix/blend mock/laugh at
O
obscure… from view/prevent…from view obvious/clear
occasionally/sometimes/at times/once in a time/now and than
successfully
give up/abondon
goal/aim/purpose/destination gorgeous/lovely/beautiful government/administration gradually/step by stepwww.shanpow.com_be,close,to同义词。
grasp/take/have/get/catch hold of grateful/thankful guarantee/ensure guy/man
immense/enormous/very big improved/better
in conjunction with/together with in distress/in danger
inevitable/certain sure/unavoidable ingenious/clever initial/beginning insane/crazy/mad insist on/demand intelligent/clever intimate/friendly
invaluable/extremely useful investigate/look into
isolated/solitary/lonely/separated lawful/legal let/rent
lethal/deadly/fatal limited/small
location/scene/place/positiom/site/spot look for/try tofind/search for lure/attraction
modify/change motive/reason moving/stirring
mystery/ puzzle/problem nearest/closest to
not reluctantly/unreluctantly notably/particularly notice/perceive
now and then/occasionally at times/from time to time/sometimes/ once in a while numerous/many/a lot of/lots of a great many/a large number of occupant/resident/inbabitant occur/happen odd/strange
omit/fail/be unable to
omit to do sth/fail to do sth/be urable to on the whole/generally operative/working
orthodox/conventional/traditional
P
participate in/take part in particular/detail
particularly/especially patient/the sick/ill perceive/notice permit/allow perpetual/endless
persist/continue/go on/last phase/stage
physician/doctor plane/aircraft
pianner/prircipal organizer
polish/shine(one's shoes)/glaze/fatten up pollute/contaminate pool/pond
poorly/inadequately porcelain/china
possess/own/have possession of postpone/defer
QR
quit/give up/stop
rarely/seldom/not often readily/willingly
realize/know/see learn/understand/fulfill recommend/praise sb.as suitable for a post recommend/suggest/puopose
regardless of/despite/in spite of /whatever regret/sorry/regretable regulate/control
rely on/depend on/rest on/be dependant on S
safe/secure
satisfactorily/acceptably scare/frighten scared/frightened scatter/separate
scene/location/site/spot/place seize/grasp seldom/rarely
sensational/exciting sensible/seasonable separate/isolate/divorce set up/establish settle/solve severe/hard
severe/hard difficult shabby/unfair
shake/tremble/quake/shiver shine/polish
outcome/result
outrageous/outrageous/unacceptable overtake/pass own/possess
postulate/assume/suppose practically/almost praise/think highly of preparation/arrangement preserve/keep pressing/urgent pretty/beautiful
previously/before/formerly principal/main
principal organizer/planner prior to/before probe/explore promote/elevate propose/suggest provoke/elicit
pull up/stop/draw up put off/take off
put up with/tolerate/bear/ stand/endure puzzle/mystery remainder/rest remedy/cure/heal remove/take off resentment/anger resident/occupant restrain/prevent restrict/confine resume/restart risk/danger
shock/surpise/astonish/amaze shrink/contract
sketch/outline/summarize sum up sole/only
somewhat/a little space/room spare/extra speciality/field spectrum/range
specification/instructing speed/velocity spur/encourage stage/phase
stand to reason/seem logical standpoint/point of
view/view-point/opinion/idea stationary/not moving/still steadily/continuously
step by step/gradually/little by little/by degree summit/top of the mountain stroll/walk
stop/pull up/quit/give up subject/topic
substantial/significant/important suggest/propose
T
take into consideration/take into account take out/extract take off/remove talk over/discuss
temptation/attraction/lure
terminate/put an end to/get a close to think fault with/praise thrift/charity thrilling/exciting
the remainder/the rest tire/boring
UVW
uncertainty/doubt
uneasy/anxious/uncomfortable upgrade/improved urge/advise/persuade urgent/pressing
utterly/totally/completely vague/imprecise/unclear
vanish/disapper/be out of sight vigorous/healthy/well/energetic
virtually/almost/in fact/practically/morally weary/exhausted
while/when/although/though wholesome/healthy/well
surprise/shock survive/live sustain/support
surgeon/doctor who perform surgical operations
tolerate/put up with/bear/stand/endure topic/subject touching/moving tough/strong tremble/shake try/test
try (to do sth) /attempt ture/attraction/temptation turn out/produce typical/characteristic widen/broaden without bias/fairly wreck/damage yield/harvest
【三】:be good at的同义词是什么
be good at的同义词:
do well in
【解释】
be good at
[英][bi: ɡud æt]
[美][bi ɡʊd æt]
v.擅长; 健; 精通; 熟谙;
【反义词】
擅长于
badpooratbe
【例句】
1.What do you think you'd be good at?
你觉得自己擅长什么?
2.And I have a feeling you'll be good at that too.
我还感到你也会很擅长这行的.
3.I want to be good at this, you know?
我想好好唱歌你明白吗?
4.He wanted to be good at everything he did.
他希望做好每件事。
5.One thing the best of them will be good at is getting on with other people something that really matters in a big company.
他们中的佼佼者擅长的一件事情是与其他人和睦相处这是一家大公司中真正重要的事情。
【四】:谈谈英语写作的基本方法论文
英语写作水平是反映学生英语应用能力的重要方面。英语写作也受到人们越来越多的重视。那么，英语写作的基本方法是什么呢?以下是学习啦小编今天要与大家分享：谈谈英语写作的基本方法相关论文，具体内容如下，欢迎阅读!
谈谈英语写作的基本方法全文如下：
摘 要：英语作文的形式和语文一样，有说明文、议论文、叙述文和描写文四种。不论写哪一种作文，你都必须首先选词，造句，然后组段，成文。
关键词：英语写作;选词;造句;组段;成文
有人说，写作是将其内在思维组织成文，再用语言外化表达的复杂过程，大致分为三个阶段：
1.构思：构思是写作的起始酝酿阶段，是动笔成文前的准备阶段，也是写作成功的重要阶段。考虑写作的目的、内容、方法：
2.表述：表述是写作具体实施阶段，是将前期的思考外在具体化，将思维转换成文字。是写作过程的主体阶段。精妙的构思需用精彩的语言来表达。
3.修改：修改过程是写作的调整完善阶段，是写作的收尾结束阶段：对整个语篇进行反复修改、删节……
英语作文的形式有说明文(Exposition)，议论文(Argumentation)，叙述文(Narration)和描写文(Description)四种。不论写哪一种作文，你都必须首先选词(word)，造句(sentence)，然后组段(paragraph)，成文(composition)。因此，同学们学习用英语写作文，最好不要一开始就忙于追究说明文怎么个写法。议论文怎么个写法等等，而应该花一定的时间和精力练习写作文的基本功，也就是学习和获取选词、造句、组段、谋篇的知识和能力。如果你具备了这几方面的知识和能力，再具体了解一下各种表式的作文特点，分别研究一下它们的独特写法，你自然就可以不拘一格地写出各种不同形式和内容的好作文来了。
一、选词
词是选句的原料。选词应该注意以下几点：
1.分辨语体。英语词有书面语体和口语体之分。例如，laboratory-lab(实验室)，mathe-matics-maths(数学)，examination-exam(考试)，continue-go on(继续)，does notdoesn't,could not-couldn't I am-I'm等，前者是书面语词，后者是口语词。写作文的时候，应该用书面语为主，少用口语词，以便使作文的语体和用词的色彩和谐一致。由于现行中学课本里的英语词，绝大部分是中性词，没有太强烈的语体色彩，它们既可以用在口语里，也可以用在书面语里，所以这个问题同学们暂时不必深究，知道一下就行了。
2.识别词义。英语里面有许多同义词，还有一词多义的情况。选词造句的时候必须注意自己在使用词语的哪一个意思，以及能不能那样用。例如，whether和if都有“是否”的意思。你可以写：
I do not know whether(或if)he has been to London.
但是你不能写(*号表示错句，下同)：
* If he will attend the meeting does not matter too much.
这里必须把If改为Whether，才能表示“他是否出席那个会议关系不大”。
另外，If这个词既可以表示“是否”，也可以表示“如果”。假如你写出这样一个句子：
I shall tell you if he will come.
读者就不知道你想说“我将告诉你他是否愿意来”，还是“如果他愿意来的话，我会告诉你”。为了避免歧义，表达前者的时候，你应该把if换成whether;表达后者的时候，你应该用if。
总的来说，造句的时候，应该选择自己有把握的、简单常用的、词义明确的词，而不要用自己心中无数的、冷僻的、可能产生歧义的词。
3.明确词性。英语词有一词多性的现象，也有同一个词根派生出几个单词，它们的词义大致相同，但词性各不相同。例如die(动词)，death(名词)，dead(形容词)都是“死亡”的意思，但它们的词性不同，用法也不同。下面这个句子就是用错了不同词性的“死”字。
* The hero has died for one year. His dead made us feelsorrow.
第一句has died应改为has been deed，第二句dead应改为death。
4.词义联展与语用习惯。
www.shanpow.com_be,close,to同义词。 有些人只满足于知道一个英语单词单方面意义，记住它的汉语对应词，而不注意它的词义联展关系和语用习惯，这样往往会造成错误。譬如在汉语里，不管是“向人借”还是“借给人”都要用借字，而英语则不是这样。前者用borrow，后者要用lend，两者不可互换。如果你把“看书”、“看电影”、“看电视”、“看着我”这几句话中的“看”全部译成look那就大错特错了。应译成："read a look""see a film""watch TV""look at me"再如：“我的心跳得很快”。只能说"Myheart is beating fast"而不是说："My heart is jumping fast."所以说正确使用英语单词，就得了解其词义系统和语用习惯，"Listencarefully,or you won't be able to hear anything"一句中的listen和hear的涵义决不是等同的。
还有一点也应当引起注意，在英语中有一些同源异义词，也就是说同出一个词根而词义不同的词。如respectable,respectful，和respective.看到它们同出一个词根，就想当然地认为它们的意思也差不多一样，于是就不加分解地使用。这样肯定会出错。我们说"He isa most respectable comrade"的意思是“他是个很受人敬重的同志”，而"He is always respectful to older people"他对年长的人总是彬彬有礼”，一个是“可敬的”一个是“(对人)表示尊敬的”。至于respective更是相差千里。看下面一句"The children went to their respective rooms"“孩子们各自去自己的房间。”respective是“各自的”的意思。
其次，在掌握词义的同时还要注意它的语法作用，以便能准确地用在句子里，达到交际的目的。(a)注意有的词只限于一定的结构，如：我们可以说："The boy is still sleeping"也可以说"The boy isstill asleep!"。而"the sleep boy"却不能换成"the asleep boy"。"the sick man"却不能说：an ill man(指环人)。(b)注意词性，看下面的句子，"I'm ensure that he will come"这句话错就错在把ensure当成了形容词，这样句子就说不通了。另外，英语单词一词多词性的情况也很普遍，使用时要注意。"Give me a glass of water."(名词)"His eyes watered in the smoke"(动词);(C)注意两个词搭配在一起时所产生新义。如：housework(家务活)，homework(家庭作业)，foreign exchange(外汇)等。
5.成语的运用。成语(ldioms)是长期以来惯用的固定词组，它表达完整的意义，必须作为一个整体来记，不可以随心所欲地增一词或减一词。如：She goes to school.“她去上学”，而"She goes to theschool."则是：她去学校(办事)。She keeps house“她料理家”;而She keeps the house则是：她足不出户”，后一句中都多了一个定冠词，意思就不大一样。在学习，记忆使用成语时，一定要搞懂，不能似懂非懂的，望文生义。比如;"The machine is in repair."看到repair这个词，就想到了修理，认为这句话的意思是：“这台机器在修理之中”。其实这句话的意思是：“这台机器是好的”。再如;将"Ibought a tape recorder for a song"理解为“我买了一台录音机来听歌”是错误的，该句的意思是“我廉价买了一台录音机”。这类例子很多，有时一个小小的冠词，使句子的意义大变，有时会因为一个形容词、副词的位置不同，使句子产生异议，诸如此类，不胜枚举，下面选择数例，帮助同学们对此有些了解，而获助益。
1)a)A number of member are absent.
b)The number of members is alarming
a)多数的会员没有到会。
b)会员人数多得令人惊奇。
英语中number一字，有两个主要的含义：一为“数目”或“总数”，如(b)例。所以是单数形式。一为“许多”或“多数”，如(a)例，所以用复数。
2)a)She was with a child。
b)She was with child。
a)她带了一个孩子。
b)她身怀六甲。be with child=be pregnant怀孕
3)a)I ask you nothing。
b)I ask nothing of you。
c)I ask you for nothing。
a)我没什么要问你的。
b)我没什么要求你的。
c)我没什么要请求你的。
注：b)句有时可以说成a)，因为这个of是out of的意思。c)ask for意为demand(要求，请求)，如ask for some money.(要些钱)。
4)a)He is certain of returning.
b)He is certain to return.
a)他自信一定要回来。
b)他一定要回来。
注：a)句是表示其主语的(他)，对自己将要回来的事毫无疑惑;b)句是说别人对他将要回来的那件事没有怀疑。同样：He is sure ofsuccess.(他自认一定成功。)He is sure to succeed.(我想他一定成功。)
5)a)He is the only son of a poor man.
b)He is only a son of a poor man.
a)他是个穷人的独子。
b)他不过是一个穷人的儿子。
注：a)句中only作形容词，比较简单，在b)中，only作副词用就复杂一些了。作副词用的only是尽可能接近它所修饰的词，否则意义就不同。随着一个句子的词语多少，而使only一词变动位置，可以产生同等数目而意义不同的句子出来。如由only,the English,love,sports四词构成的句子。则产生下列四种不同的句子：
1)Only the English love sports.(只有英国人爱好运动。)意指没别人。2)The English only love sports.(英国人只是爱好运动而已)，而并不实际去运动。3)The English love sports only.(英国人只爱好运动。)别的都不爱好。4)The English love their onlysports.(英国人爱好他们唯一的运动。)并没有别的运动。
仅举数例，可见一斑，因此，同学们在用词造句时一定要对成语的涵义有透彻的理解，不可一知半解就轻易使用。这样就会出错，闹出笑话。
总之，要用词达意，用词不要从汉语出发，要从英语出发。只有彻底弄清词的涵义及语法作用才能用得恰当，才能准确表达思想。
6.注意拼写。同学们写作文时常出现的拼写错误有双写遗漏，例如geting，应为getting;字母倒置，例如recieve，应为receive;移行不当，例如successfully，应为success-fully等等。此外，还有i上面漏一点，t漏一横，大小写和标点等同题。
7.使用词典。写作文应当勤查词典。对拼写、移行、发音、词性、词义或用法有疑问，都可以向词典求教。词典有两大类，汉英词典和英汉词典。如果你忘记了“想当然”英语怎么译，你可以查汉英词典“想”字条，便知道它是take sth.for granted，如果你拿不准used to(过去常常)后面接动名词还是不定式，你可以查英汉词典use条，便知道它接不定式。值得一提的是，同学们应该试用一英汉双解词典，并逐渐过渡到使用英英词典，即用英语解释英语的词典，这对准确掌握词义，学习多种表达方法很有好处。
二、造句
句子是表达意思的最小单位。按目前中学的实际情况，造句首先要注意语法问题，尤其是：
1.主谓齐全。作为一个句子，在一般情况下都应具备主语和谓语，但同学们写的句子经常出现主谓残缺不全的现象。例如：
After graduated from the instifute,Einstein worked for ashort time in the government.
在这个句子里，after不是作介词用，而作连词，引导一个状语从句，所以不能缺少主语he，应该写作After he graduated...。
又如* This place very quiet and clean.They will stay herea few more weeks.
该句主语This place和表语very quiet and clean之间不能没有连系动词is，否则这个句子的谓语部分就残缺不全。
2.关系一致。这里包括主谓关系的一致、代词指代关系的一致、句子前后时态关系的一致等等。例如：
* Little Tom as well as his parents like swimming.
这句的谓语动词like应该与as well as前面的主语Tom保持一致关系，所以应为likes。
又如，* "Help yourself to the fish,"the Host said to Mr.Smith and me.
“请吃鱼”这句话是对史密斯先生和我两个人说的，所以前面的代词yourself应为yourselves。
3.词序恰当。英语词的词序有些是有规则可循的，有些要根据作者强调的重点调整位置。例如：
He always gets up early.He is never late for school.
象always.never,often,seldom这些频度副词一般放在行为动词的前面，连系动词、助动词或情态动词的后面。
又如，Only Wang Ming saw some foreigners in the Children'sPalace.(强调只有王明看见)
Wang Ming only saw some...。(强调只是看见)
Wang Ming saw only some foreigners....(强调看见的只是一些外国人，没有中国人等。)
Wang Ming saw...only in the Children's palace.(强调只是在少年宫看见，而不是在别的地方看见。)
在语法过关的基础上造句还应该注意几个修辞上的问题。
1.突出中心。这里包含两层意思。首先，一个句子应该有一个中心意思，不能前面说东后面道西，令人不得要领。第二，确定了一个句子的中心是表达什么意思，就要运用修饰手段把这个意思强调出来。例如，
Being a famous scientist,Mr,Hunter has msde an importantinvention,but his daughter did not let him take the papers toLondon himself.
这个句子语法没错，但意思很分散。前面说享特先生是著名科学家，中间说他作出重大发明，后面说他的女儿不让他亲自把图纸送去伦敦。应该把它分成三个独立的句子，各自表达一个中心意思。
Mr.Hunter is a famous scientist.He has made an importantinvention recently.He wanted to take his papers to Londonhimself,but his daughter did not let him do so.
又如，Mr,Brown is the manager of the shop.I am only hisassistant.Mr.Brown will decide the price of all goods in theshop.
第三个句子的中心意思，显然是要强调只有布朗先生才能决定商品的价格，但是原句没有把这个意思突出出来，所以最好把它改为It isMr.Brown,not I who will decide...或The price...will bedecided by Mr.Brown,not by me.
2.前后连贯。这是指一个句子里的词语要衔接得当，关系清楚，合乎逻辑。例如：
* I do not like to sing or dancing.
这里sing和dance都是like的宾语，但前面用不定式，后面用动名词，就显得不平衡，句子的连贯性就差。所以应改为I do not like tosing or to dance.
又如* Although very tired,the stepmother forced Aqiao tocut qrass for the sheep.
这个句子按理是说虽然阿巧很累了，继母还强迫她割草。但原句条理不清，说成是继母很累，还强迫阿巧割草。这样的句子连贯性也很差，应改为
Although Aqiao was very tired,the stepmother forced her tocut...或
Although very tired,Aqiao was forced(by the stepmother)tocut...
3.简练。不要堆砌修饰性词语。在没有把握的情况下，不要用从句。应该多用简单句。例如翻译如下一句：“当我在打乒乓球的时候，就决定要到湖里去游泳。”有以下两种译法：
①While I was playing table tennis,I decided that I would go for a swim in the lake.
②While playing table tennis,I decided to go for a swim inthe lake.
以上两句从语法上讲都正确，但第二句简洁，运用了一个短语代替了一个从句，达到了简洁的目的。
又如，When Christmas was coming,Della had not enongh moneyto buy Jim,who is her husband,a present,so she went to a shopto sell her hair in order that she could buy a gold chainworthy of Jim's gold watch.
这个句子过份冗长，既有并列句，也有复合句，复合句中既有时间状语从句、目的状语从句，还有定语从句。与其辛辛苦苦去构筑这样的复杂句子，还不如把它分为几个简单句，显得轻松、洗练一些。
Christmas was coming.Della had not enough money to buy apresent for his husband Jim.So she had to sell her hair.Aftershe got the money,she bought Jim a gold chain.
下面再谈谈初学写作时在造句方面常出现的一些错误实例。
1)句子冗长累赘、意思重复，例如：
①The army advanced forward after the big battle.(一场大的战斗后，部队向前进发。)这个句子的问题在于句中的"advanced"本身就是"march forward"的意思，而在其后出现"forward"实属多余，应去掉。
②The reason why I took off my coat was because I felt hot.用词多，绕圈子，太罗嗦。可以改成：I took off my coat,becauseI felt hot.简短明了。只要句意明确，多余部分应尽量删去。
2)修饰语的位置不对。修饰语的位置用错直接影响意思的准确表达。这一点在文章上一部分已谈到。我们再来看两个例子。
①I nearly lost five dollars yesterday.
I lost nearly five dollars yesterday.
这两句话由于nearly的位置不同，其含义也截然不同。第一句“我昨天差点丢了5美元”，言下之意是：没丢钱。第二句“我昨天丢了近五美元”意思是我丢了钱。不过不到5美元。
再如：②She decided not to go.他决定不去了。She did notdecide to go.他没决定去呀。否定词用在不同的位置上，意思大不一样。因此，平时在阅读和练习中要注意。
3)代词所指不明确。例如：
Peggy held a piece of bread and jam in one hand and thetelephone receiver in the other.She kept eating it while shetalked.后面一句话中的"it"指什么呢?指"a piece of bread andjam"还是指"telephone receiver"，这使人费解。在英语写作中要避免这种指代不清的句子。这句话可改为：Peggy held in one hand thetelephone receiver and in the other a piece of bread and jam,which she kept eating while she talkcd.
4.模糊不清的比较。例如：
①I like John as much as Tom.这句话里究竟是I like John asmuch as I like Tom，还是I like John as much as Tom likes John.这种比较模糊不清。
②My home is nearer to our school than yours.不知这里的yours是指your home.还是your school.这句话应改为：My home isnearer to our school than yours is.或My home is nearer to ourschool than it is to yours.
③Tom is taller than anyone in his class.这里的比较是不符合逻辑的，因为被比较的对方包括了Tom和他班里的任何人(他自己也不例外)。
下面我们再说说有关释意能力问题。
学习英语写作，我们应学会释义(Paraphrase).就是用不同的词语来表达或说明一个词或句的意思。表达要正确，这种能力在阅读时要注意培养。一是注意老师在讲解生词时的释义，二是用英英词典学习释义。学会释义能更好地克服从汉语出发抠汉语字眼的毛病。汉语中说“拖某人的后腿”其涵义是牵制、阻挠别人作某事。理解了这层含义，就可以根据不同的上下文来选择不同的英语来表达这个意思。如："hold sb.back,be a drag on sb,blinder(impede,prevent)sb.from doingsth."等：学会释义，在用英语学习写作时遇到一些一时表达不出的思想时，就可以帮助我们越过词，句的障碍，去加以释义。
我们前面所谈到的都是练习用英语写作时要注意的一些基本问题，一般来说，练习写作是由开始的模仿性写作，到控制性写作(如改写文章、缩写文章、写提纲、复述等等)。写英文日记是练习英语写作的好办法，每天写几句。天长日久，笔头得到较多的锻炼。最后进入自由写作阶段。
三、组段
段落是文章中相对独立的一个部分。它通常由主旨句、扩展句和结尾句组成。例如：
Bamboo has many uses.Many people use it to make chairs,tables,curtains,birdcages and so on.Its tender young shootscan be eaten.The soft pulp in side the stems can be made intoa fine paper.No wonder people say bamboo is a useful plant.
这段话共有五个句子。第一句是主旨句，说竹有许多用途。第二、三、四句是扩展句，说明竹有哪些用途。第五句是结尾句，说明竹是一种有用的植物。
下面分别谈主旨句、扩展句和结尾句的写法。
1.主旨句。主旨句揭示该段内容的中心，放在段落的开头。从修辞上看，主旨句宜用比较简洁的句子，使读者易于领会该段的主旨：下面这段话还未有主旨句，请同学们阅读之后从A、B、C、D中选一个做主旨句。
主旨句。The hibenating animal's temperature drops to justover zero centigrade.It breathes only once every five minutes.It does not feel any pain.You can beat it without causing itto wake up.So hibernating animals look as if they were dead.
A.As you know,hibernation is much deeper than a commonsleep.
B.Animals need hibernation.
C.Hibernation is a very deep sleep.
D.How can hibernating animals sleep all through the winter?
上面B、D两句不能说明这段话的中心，不能做主旨句。A、C两句都能说明这段话的中心，但是A句不如C句简洁明了，所以用C句做这段话的主旨句最恰当。
2.扩展句。扩展句的内容必须围绕主旨句，支持主旨句。偏离主旨句的扩展句等于画蛇添足，应该删去。从修辞上看，几个扩展句如果能分别用简单句，并列句和复合句，则整个段落会显得生动一些，而不至于那么单调、呆板。下面这段话里，有一个扩展句是偏离主旨的，请同学们把它找出来。
It is easy to do this experiment.First,you get a giass ofwater and a pencil.Then you put the pencil into the water.Atthis time,you will see the pencil appears broken.Perhaps youhave once found this thing before.The expenment shows thatlight waves change speed when they go from air into water.
在这段话里,First..,Then...和At this time...这三个扩展句都是说明“这个实验很容易做”这个主旨的。但是Perhaps...这个句子偏离了这个主旨，它跟这个实验的做法无关，应该删去。
扩展句可以按照时间、方位、因果、对比、类别等关系来组织。例如上面这段话里的扩展句是以时间为序来安排的。“组段”的开头，说竹有很多用途那段话，是以方位(茎、根、髓)为序来安排扩展句的。
3.结尾句。结尾句是对主旨句的呼应，它通常导出扩展句所陈述的结果。下面这段话还没有结尾句，请同学们阅读之后，从A、B、C、D中选一句做它的结尾句。
How can we stop pollution?The most important thing is topass certain laws to prevent factories from sending out noise,poisonous gases and dirty water.Besides,we should protectforests and plant more trees.Meanwhile,every one of us mustpay close attention to public health and keep oursurroundings clean.
A.In spite of all these measures,we still cannot defeatpollution.
B.So pollution is a serious problem that needs all thesociety to care about.
C.However,pollution will still exist and we must not letdown our guard against it
D.In this way,we shall win the battle against pollution.
显然，D句与主旨句呼应最密切，它导出了立法、保护森林、植树、注意公共卫生和搞好环境清洁等措施的结果。所以，应该选D句做本段的结尾句。
四、谋篇
一篇文章应有比较完整的内容和结构。它通常包含引言段、扩展段和结论段。这和我们汉语作文的起、承、转、合是基本一致的。下面请读一篇论述时间的价值的文章。
The Value of Time
A proverb says:"Time is money."But in my opinion,time is even more precious than money.Why?Because when money is spent,we can earn(赚)it back.However,when time is gone,it willnever return.This is the reason why we must value time.
It goes without saying that the time we can use is limited.Therefore,even an hour is extremely precious.We shouid makefull use of our time to do useful things.As students we mustnot relax(放松)our efforts to engage in our studies so asto serve society and our nation in the future.
But it is a pity that there were a lot of people who do notknow the importance of time.They spend their precious timesmoking,drinding and chatting.They do not realize thatwasting time is equal to wasting a part of their valuablelife.
In a word,we should form the good habit of saving time.Donot put off what can be done today until tomorrow.
这篇文章有四段。第一段是引言段，提出时间比金钱更宝贵，我们必须珍惜时间这个论题。第二段是扩展段，说明时间是有限的，作为学生更要充分利用它来学习，以利将来为国家服务。第三段也是扩展段，指出有些人还没有认识时间的价值。第四段是结论段，作出我们必须养成节约时间习惯的诊断。这四段话刚好是起——承——转——合的结构。
从这篇文章还可以看到，英语作文的起承转合会用上一些特定的词语。下面分别作简单的介绍。
1.常用在引言段开头(起)的词语：
Generaily speaking,...一般地说，……
A proverb says,"..."有句谚语说，“……”
Many people often ask this question,"..."许多人常常问这个司题，“……?”
First of all...首先……/At present...当今……
2.常用在第一个扩展段开头(承)的词语：
To take...for an example，……以……为例
Now that we know that...既然我们知道……
What is more important is that...更为重要的是……
That can be expressed as follows:...这可以分述如下：……
in other words，换句话说
second，第二，
3.常用在第二扩展段开头(转)的词语：
But it is a pity that...但是很可惜，……
But the problem is not so slmple.但是问题并非如此简单。
On the other hand,...另一方面，……
On the contrary,...相反……
However,...然而……
4.常用在结论段开头(合)的词语：
In a word,...总而言之，……
On account of this,we can find that...由此我们可以知道……
In conclusion，结论是……
In short,...简言之，……
As has been noted...如前所述……
Therefore,...因此，……
At last,...最后，……
下面有一篇文章谈论“我们为什么要参加体育运动”。它的引言段、扩展段和结论段的次序是混乱的，请同学们按起承转合的顺序把它们排正，并注意段落开头表示起承转合的词语。
Why should we take part in sports and games?
①Therefore,every one of us,young or old,man or woman,should take an active part in sports and games.
②Besides,sports and games are also good for character-training.Unselfishness,courage,discipline,love of one'scountry and so on,are virtues that a citizen should have.Students learn a lot about these from books.But in sportsand games they learn to play fair,cooperate with other teammembers,go all out to win the match and think of honor of thegroup.All this will help them to become better eitizens.
③Everybody knows that sports and games build our bodies,prevent us from too fat and keep us healthy.They also give usvaluable practice in helping the eyes,brain and muscles worktogether.Such kind of practice is especially useful for thosewho work with their brains most of the time.
④It goes without saying that sports and games are not onlyamusements.They are of great value both to one's body andmind.
上文四个段落的正确排列次序是④—③—②—①。还要指出的是，这篇文章的两个扩展段③和②，都是说明体育运动的价值，起“承”的作用，所以这篇文章没有“转”这个环节。
最后尚需强调的是在命题作文中有很多学生没有表达主要思想，很多学生不会运用细节来扩充主题句。这是因为在平时训练中多为“词—句—段”式。缺乏衔接性、逻辑性等，致使他们的写作水平停留在词汇、语法、句型的运用上。须知，内容是文章的灵魂，是前提，也是写作的目的，应加足够注意。同时要从语篇水平上考虑谋篇布景，内容表达、语法修辞等诸方面的训练，这应是写作教学的重点之一。
相关文章：
1.英语说明文的基本写作方法
2.提高英语写作水平的有效方法
3.提高英语写作水平的方法
4.英语写作必须掌握的九大技巧
5.英语写作方法
6.提高英语写作能力的方法
【五】:close的同义词
close表示紧密的，关; 结束; 使靠近的意思，那么你知道close的同义词有哪些吗?接下来小编为大家整理了close的同义词，希望对你有帮助哦!
close的同义词辨析1：
close, near, nearby
这些形容词均有"接近的"之意。
close ： 语气强于near。指时间、地点或程度方面的接近，有紧靠、相邻的意味。
near ： 语气弱于close，也指时间或空间上的接近，但无"紧接，接触"的含义。
nearby ： 指距离上很近，近在咫尺。
close的同义词辨析2：
close, shut, slam
这些动词均有"关"之意。
close ： 较多地用于正式或庄重的文体中，如关闭铁路、公路以及其它交通渠道，要用close。
shut ： 着重关闭的动作、过程和方式手段。
slam ： 象声词，指"砰的关上"，或用力关上。
close的同义词辨析3：
complete, finish, end, close, conclude, terminate, accomplish
这些动词均含"结束，完成"之意。
complete ： 侧重指完成预定的任务或使某事完善，补足缺少的部分等。
finish ： 与complete基本同义，着重圆满地结束或完成已着手的事。
end ： 最普通用词，着重事情的完成。也指某种活动因达到目的而自然结束或由于某种原因而突然中止。
close ： 普通用词，着重行为的终止或结束，不强调其目的。
conclude ： 正式用词，多指以某事或活动达到预期目的而告终。
terminate ： 强调有一个空间和时间的限度，届时必须终止。书面语用词。
accomplish ： 正式用词，强调一个过程的完成;也可指依靠努力达到一定目的，或取得一定的结果。
close的同义词辨析4：
familiar, intimate, close, confidential
这些形容词均含"亲密的"之意。
familiar ： 通常指因长期交往而彼此很熟悉，像自家人一样。
intimate ： 语气强烈，指感情或思想融洽、相互知心，彼此关系亲密。
close ： 语气较强，指兴趣爱好相同，因而关系密切，感情深笃。
confidential ： 指相互之间可推心置腹、彼此信赖。
词组习语：
close up
1. 靠近
靠近了看，她也很漂亮。
close up she was no less pretty.
come close
1. 几乎要，差一点做
他差一点就开口骂首相是个骗子。
he &B{came close to} calling the Prime Minister a liar.
run someone close
1. 几乎赶上(某人的标准，水平)
1986年世界杯决赛中德国队差点追平阿根廷队。
the Germans ran Argentina close in the 1986 World Cup final.
too close for comfort
1. 近得危险;近得不适
与受害者讨论问题对顾问的个人体验来说可能近得太不适了。
an issue being discussed with a sufferer may be too close for comfort to the counsellor's personal experience.
close in
1. 好象都纠结在一起
问题纠结在一起
The problems closed in.
2. 围攻：向目标移动以封锁
警察围攻狙击者
The police closed in on the sniper.
3. 笼罩：围绕使不能使用
机场为雾所笼罩
The airport was closed in by fog.
close out
1. 降价清出：降价处理(一系列商品)
2. 清算：结束，如通过售卖
清算一公司
close out a business.
close by
1. 靠近;附近
她爸爸住得很近。
her father lives quite close by.
close on(或 close to)
1. (数量)几乎;几近
他在牢里过了近30年。
he spent close to 30 years in jail.
close的例句：
1. Three mortar shells had landed close to a crowd of people.
3枚迫击炮弹落在人群旁。
2. Warm weather has attracted the flat fish close to shore.
煦暖的气候将比目鱼引到了近海。
3. An airliner came close to disaster while approaching Heathrow Airport.
一架大型客机在飞近希思罗机场时差点儿发生空难。
4. For my part, I feel elated and close to tears.
就我而言，我感到非常高兴，都快落泪了。
5. Sammy was standing close to Ned, talking animatedly with him.
萨米紧挨着内德站着，两人谈兴正浓。
6. To close your document, press CTRL+W on your keyboard.
关闭文件时要同时按键盘上的CTRL键和W键。
7. Today's complex buildings require close teamwork between the architect and the builders.
如今的建筑结构复杂，需要建筑师和施工人员密切协作。
8. The latest opinion polls are predicting a very close contest.
最近的民意测验预测竞争将会非常激烈。
9. A senior White House official said the agreement is close.
白宫的一位高级官员说即将达成协议。
10. He lived alone, keeping close contact with his three grown-up sons.
他一个人住，与3个已经长大成人的儿子经常联系。
11. The close-up photography and commentary are clear and unambiguous.
那组特写照片和附带的评论一目了然，毫无含糊之处。
12. Young adolescents are happiest with small groups of close friends.
青少年在和自己小圈子里的好友呆在一起时最为开心。
13. You were just in time. Whew! What a close call.
你可真及时。嚯，真是好险呢!
14. We hope to continue to have her close support and friendship.
我们希望她能继续大力支持，并能与她维持亲密友谊。
15. Animal welfare is a subject very close to my heart.
动物福利是我非常关注的一个问题。
