【www.shanpow.com--演讲稿】
【一】:哈佛大学校长在清华大学演讲稿
哈佛大学校长在清华大学演讲稿（中英全文）--大学与气候变化带来的挑战
2015年3月20日 07:05 新浪博客
Party Secretary Chen Xu, Assistant President Shi Yigong,distinguished faculty, students and friends. Itis a privilege to be back at Tsinghua, with an opportunity toexchange ideas on the most pressing challenges of ourtime. One challenge that will shape this centurymore than any other is our changing climate, and the effort tosecure a sustainable and habitable world—as rising sea levelsthreaten coastlines, increasing drought alters ecosystems andglobal carbon emissions continue to rise.
There is a proverb that the best time to plant a tree is 20years ago—and the second best time is now. When Ifirst visited Tsinghua seven years ago, I planted a tree withPresident Gu in the Friendship Garden. Today, Iam glad to return to this beautiful campus, founded on the site ofone of Beijing’s historic gardens. I am glad theTsinghua-Harvard tree stands as a symbol of the many relationshipsacross our two universities, which continue to grow andthrive. More than ever, it is a testament to thepossibilities that, by working together, we offer theworld. That is why I want to spend a few minutestoday talking about the special role universities like ours play inaddressing climate change.
Last November here in Beijing, President Xi and President Obamamade a joint announcement on climate change, pledging to limit thegreenhouse gas emissions of China and the United States over thenext two decades. It is a landmark accord,setting ambitious goals for the world’s two largest carbon emittingcountries and establishing a marker that Presidents Xi and Obamahope will inspire other countries to do the same. We could not have predicted such a shared commitment seven, or evenone year ago, between these two leaders—both, in fact, ouralumni—one a Tsinghua graduate in chemical engineering and thehumanities and the other a graduate of Harvard LawSchool. And yet our two institutions had alreadysown its seeds decades ago—by educating leaders who can turn monthsof discussion into an international milestone, and by collaboratingfor more than 20 years on the climate analyses that made itpossible. In other words, by doing the thingsuniversities are uniquely designed todo.
The U.S.-China joint announcement on climate change represents adefining moment between our two countries and for the world, amoment worthy of celebration. China deservesgreat credit for all it has done and is doing to address a complexset of economic and environmental issues. While lifting 600 millionpeople out of poverty, you have built the world’s largest capacityin wind power and second largest in solar power. As one Harvard climate expert put it, China’s “investments todecarbonize its energy system have dwarfed those of any othernation.” And last year, China’
s emission indeeddid drop two percent.
Yet, even as we make real progress, the scale and complexity ofclimate change require humility and long-termthinking. We have made abeginning. But it is only a beginning. The recentvideo Under theDome reminds us how much work is left to bedone. The commitments of governments can becarried out only if every sector of societycontributes. Industry, education, agriculture,business, finance, individual citizens—all are necessaryparticipants in what must become an energy and environmentalrevolution, a new paradigm that will improve public health, carefor the planet, and put both of our nations on the path toward aprosperous, low-carbon economy.
No one understands this better than the students and faculty ofTsinghua, where these subjects are research priorities and youroutgoing president Chen Jining, a graduate of Tsinghua’s departmentof environmental science and engineering, has just been appointedMinister of Environmental Protection. He has beencalled a bridge-builder, a man of vision and fresh ideas, and aninspiring leader.
The promise of the 2014 joint climate pledge will require thosequalities of all of us. It will call on each ofus to do our part to transform the energy systems on which we relyand mitigate the harm they cause, to “Think Different,” as Apple’sSteve Jobs used to say—to imagine new ways of seeing old problemsand, as he put it, to “honor the people who ? can change the worldfor the better.” Universities are especially goodat “thinking different.” That is the point I wantto emphasize today. To every generation falls a dauntingtask. This is our task: to “think different”about how we inhabit the Earth. Where better tomeet this challenge than in Boston and Beijing? How better to meet it than by unlocking and harnessing newknowledge, building political and cultural understanding, promotingdialogue and sharing solutions? Who better tomeet it than you, the most extraordinary students, imaginative,curious, daring. The challenge we face demandsthree great necessities.
The first necessity is partnership. Globalproblems require global partners. Climate change is a perfectexample. We breathe the sameair. We drink the same water. We share the planet. We cannot live in acocoon. The stakes are toohigh.
In an essay widely reprinted in Chinese middle school textbookscalled “The Geese Return,” naturalist Aldo Leopold describes aneducated woman, an outstanding college student, who, and I quote,“?had never heard or seen the geese that twice a year [fly above]her well-insulated roof.”
Could this woman’svaunted “education,” he asks, be no more than, in his words,“trading awareness for things of lesser worth?”—adding that thegoose who “trades his [awareness] is soon a pile offeathers.” We all risk becoming a proverbial“pile of feathers” unless we cultivate awareness of each other andour common environmental crisis, and then work together to solveit.
We have seen the power of partnerships. Formore than a century, Harvard and China in particular havebenefitted from partnerships with histories that inspire us:
John King Fairbank in 1933, who caught the silver and blue busto Tsinghua before dawn to teach his first students theperspectives of Chinese scholarship he had absorbed from ProfessorJiang Tingfu, one of China’s most eminent historians and the Chairof Tsinghua’s History Department. Thoseexperiences changed Fairbank’s life. And theychanged Harvard, where the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studiestransformed the field, and where the study of East Asia nowencompasses more than 370 courses from history and literature togovernment and plant biology.
Ernest Henry Wilson in 1908, who navigated the Yangtze Riverwith a team of Chinese plant collectors, documenting cultures withphotographs and collecting thousands of plant specimens forHarvard’s Arnold Arboretum. Wilson’s long-term collaboration—thesubject of a forthcoming CCTV special (and exhibit at the HarvardCenter Shanghai)—established one of our deepest connections,celebrating the extraordinary beauty and diversity of China’snatural world.
Zhu Kezhen in 1918, who received his Ph.D. from Harvard afterpassing a scholarship exam at the school that would becomeTsinghua. He became the father of Chinesemeteorology, pioneering 5,000 years of Chinese climate data, and asa university president and Vice President of the Chinese Academy ofSciences, shaped Chinese education by “cultivating scientists,” ashe put it, and I quote, in “the ‘scientific spirit’ ? the pursuitfor the truth.”
That spirit defines the Harvard China Project, founded in 1993as an interdisciplinary program to study China’s atmosphericenvironment, energy system and economy, and the role of environmentin U.S.-China relations. Based at Harvard’sSchool of Engineering and Applied Sciences, its collaborators havespanned more than half of Harvard’s Schools and more than a dozenChinese institutions, including some seven different departments atTsinghua. When the program began, before climatechange made daily headlines, even its founders—Professor MichaelMcElroy and project director Chris Nielsen, soon joined by Tsinghuaprofessor collaborators—could not fully imagine itsimpact. It has been a model partnership and anengine of broad environmental knowledge that has influenced policyin both countries, and improved the lives of our citizens.
Let me give you one example: the case of two young women at thestart of their professional training, Cao Jing studying economicsand public policy at Harvard’s Kennedy School and Wang Yuxuan, aTsinghua graduate getting her Harvard Ph.D. in atmosphericchemistry. Both are now
Tsinghua faculty members. Driven by common questions, they came together asmembers of a team studying Chinese carbon emissions. Over severalyears they worked across disciplines, in both countries, withenvironmental engineers and health scientists to assess costs andbenefits of emission control policy options and their effect onhuman health. The team’s findings weregroundbreaking, demonstrating for policy makers that they could infact achieve enormous environmental benefits at little cost toeconomic growth. Such collaborations with Tsinghua continue toshape China’s clean energy future with new ideas, from linking windfarms with electrified space heating to evaluatingthe effects of a changing climate on renewableenergy sources.
Our collaborations in the field of design are powerful as well,shaping the responses to urbanization and environmental change inboth countries. What might an ecologicallyconceived city look like? How can a village growinto one? Harvard’s new Center for GreenBuildings and Cities is working with Tsinghua’s Evergrande ResearchInstitute to measure energy use for different building types inChina, a key to creating more efficient buildings andcities. A new collaboration with PekingUniversity advances more socially and ecologically inclusive urbandesign. Partnerships like these, betweenHarvard’s Graduate School of Design and Chinese institutions, aregenerating innovations in urban planning, green building andsustainable development that will change how welive. For example, walk along the reed-linedriverbank park in Shanghai, as I have, where a constructed wetlandcleans polluted water from the Huangpu River and a promenade nowconnects the old city with the new. Its designer,Yu Kongjian, a farmer’s son trained at Harvard’s School of Designand founded China’s first graduate school of landscapearchitecture, a field he describes as, and I quote, “a tool forsocial justice and environmental stewardship.”
Today, Harvard partnerships with Tsinghua and other Chineseinstitutions span nearly every department across all of Harvard’s13 Schools, involving some 200 faculty members and hundreds ofstudents, and now including the Harvard Center Shanghai, onlinecourses through EdX, and three new research centers oncampus. These partnerships are bearing fruit:from last year’s Harvard-Tsinghua conference on market mechanismsfor a low-carbon future, to open access education reaching millionsworldwide, to advances in human health and health-care policy thatwill improve and extend lives.
Tsinghua is building upon a similar array of partnerships, inChina and around the world. Your new Collaborative InnovationCenter on Urbanization convenes every field around the problem ofintegrating urban and rural areas, and the Tsinghua-BerkeleyShenzhen Institute supports among other things the search for newand low-carbon energy technologies.
I have said before that there is no one model for a university’ssuccess, no abstract “global research university” to which we allshould aspire. Partnership benefits fromdifferent contributions and varied perspectives. Our variety supports our strength. United, thereis little we cannot accomplish.
The second necessity is research. A Chineseaphorism tells us that, “Learning has noboundaries.” Through research, universitiestranscend the boundaries of what anyone thought was possible.
Research without boundaries means exploring acrossdisciplines. Consider the goal of creatingsustainable cities. This is not just anengineering problem. It is a problem of ethicsand design; law and policy; business and economics; medicine andpublic health; religion and anthropology and my own field ofhistory, which can tell us how humans and nature have interactedover time. For example, think of the new fieldof “ecological urbanism” that explores this goalas a design problem for how best to live. OrHarvard’s Center for the Environment that brings together 250faculty members from every discipline.
Research without boundaries means taking an open stance, whereevery question is legitimate and any path might yield ananswer. Knowledge emerges from debate, fromdisagreement, from questions, from doubt—from recognizing thatevery path must be open because any path might yield ananswer. Universities must be places where any andevery topic can be broached, where any and every question can beasked. Universities must nurture such debatebecause discovery comes from the intellectual freedom to explorethat rests at the heart of how we define our fundamental identityand values.
You might find a treatment for malaria in a 2000-year-old silkscroll from a Han dynasty tomb, as Chinese researchers discoveredin the 1970s. Or follow your sense of smell, asCaltech chemist Arie Haagen-Smit did in the 1950s, to discover thata container of car exhaust exposed to sunlight produces thebleach-like odor of smog. Almost everyone toldHaagen-Smit he was wrong, but he identified oxidized hydrocarbonsfrom automobiles, refineries and power plants as the source of themysterious air pollution that was choking Los Angeles, and launcheda revolution in American air quality. Some fortyyears later, showing the same ingenuity, Harvard’s own study of sixcities conclusively linked fine particle pollutionto premature death. Theresearchers invented fieldinstruments as they went along—designing airmonitors for people to wear at school and work and air qualitysensors for their homes—laying a foundation for air pollutionlegislation that has saved billions of dollars and hundreds ofthousands of lives a year.
【二】:哈佛大学校长在毕业典礼上的讲话
哈佛大学校长在毕业典礼上的讲话
哈佛的校长福斯特（Drew Faust）上任刚刚一年，也是哈佛历史上第一任女校长。她今年的讲演集中解释一个现象：很多哈佛毕业生都问她：为什么大约一半的哈佛本科毕业生去华尔街投资银行或名牌咨询公司工作？
福斯特没有正面回答，转而思考学生为什么会问这个问题。“丰厚的薪水和待遇无疑是吸引年轻人的一个重要原因，但如果你们很满意自己的选择的话，为什么还会问我这个问题呢？”
她认识到，有些学生在选择投资银行或咨询公司时是被迫的，他们觉得不这样选择不行。“你们其实在问我生活的意义，什么样的生活是幸福的生活？那么让我们放下外表的伪装，回到这个问题最初的起因。”
福斯特说，“我想你们在担心传统上看起来‘成功’的生活和你们心里认为有意义的生活经常是不一致的。你们在想，如何把这两个目标在下一步选择工作或研究生深造的过程中统一起来。你们发现这两个目标不能统一，所以你们会困惑会提问。”
哈佛女校长的毕业演讲，是从学生个人的角度出发，回答一个时代的难题：即个人自由与世俗力量的矛盾中，个人应该如何选择。精英群体的选择，往往决定一个时代的整体风气。对哈佛毕业生普遍面临的困惑，她的建议是：“做你热爱的工作吧。如果你一半以上清醒的时间都在做你不热爱的工作，就很难有幸福可言。”她的答案实际是，服从本
心与心灵的自由。这让我想起北大一老校长，胡适的名言“争你们个人的自由就是争国家的自由。”
和胡适一样留学美国的林毅夫老师,也是我极为尊重的一位老师，一具有知识分子操守与情怀的人。他在CCER2008毕业典礼上的演说里，没有从个人自由的角度，而是从个人对国家责任的角度，来谈北大学生的选择。
在眼说中，林老师高举了理想和道德的旗帜，可是，他所关注的是理想状态的“应然”，是我们个人对国家的责任。他说“走出北大校园迎接我们的世界又是怎样的，我们应该以怎样的心态走出北大校门。”
他说：“在北大读书，不是为了追求个人名利，而是希望在北大读书期间充实自己，为国家，为民族的复兴，为人类美好的未来做出贡献。我们经过几年的学习把这样的一个责任内化在我们心里，这才是我们毕业最重要的意义。”
那么，扪心自问，有几个北大学生是真正的不为追求个人名利？
他说：“我们非常幸运，生活在中国历史上最好的一个时代，30
年来改革开放，取得的成绩确实是人类经济史上不曾有过的意想不到的美好境界。不仅过去三十年非常好，相信未来10年，20年，30年，50年，100年，中国经济还会继续快速发展。”
当然，这是一延续了一位政治老人的名言：“坚持以经济建设为中心，一百年不动摇。”但是，这种应然的判断是否真正有现实力量呢？还需要历史来检验。
他最后总结道：“毕业了，今天我们从这里出发，让我们以110年来中国知识分子以及五千年来中国士人以天下为己任的普世关怀作为我们人生的追求。只要民族没有复兴，我们的责任就没有完成，只要天下还有贫穷的人，就是我们自己在贫穷中，只要天下还有苦难的人，就是我们自己在苦难中，这是我们北大人的胸怀，也是我们北大人的庄严承诺！”
诚然，这是一种高自标举的精神，一种“士”的精神，但是，中国从1840以来，还剩下多少“士”的精神，还剩下多少独立之精神，自由之思想？林没有直面这个问题。
“应然”的美好憧憬固然给人激动，当真正的力量恐怕还来源于怀疑与反思。相比哈佛女校长谈个人选择入手，回答学生的人生困惑，林的讲话充满了对国家的自信与乐观，而少了些直面现实的勇气。但我们
似乎并不能据此就说，北大学生所面临的困惑，中国所面临的困惑，就比哈佛，比美国要少。
“争你个人的自由就是争国家的自由。”争你个人的幸福就是争国家的幸福。哈佛校长的问题，其实，不仅仅是在回答个人自由和个人幸福的问题，而是在回答，作为世界的精英和领袖培养之所，他的学生们的选择与道路，将深刻影响这个世界的走向。永远高举怀疑与反思的旗帜，告诉每一个人怎样选择正确的道路，就是在告诉这个国家未来的精英们，他们怎样生活，怎样影响这个世界。
北大学生所面临的个人与民族国家的困惑，不比哈佛要少，甚至更多，中国经历着“古今中西之变”的纠结，每一个有思想的学生，其实都面临个人的困惑，由个人的困惑出发，他们看到的是时代的困惑，他们需要有人帮助他们，指点他们，做出符合本心的正确的选择。
“毕业了，今天我们从这里出发，让我们以110年来中国知识分子以及五千年来中国士人以天下为己任的普世关怀作为我们人生的追求。只要民族没有复兴，我们的责任就没有完成，只要天下还有贫穷的人，就是我们自己在贫穷中，只要天下还有苦难的人，就是我们自己在苦难中，这是我们北大人的胸怀，也是我们北大人的庄严承诺！谢谢。 ”
当我一次再一次的读到林毅夫老师这段慷慨激昂的演说，总是禁不
住热血沸腾。但，两千年来“士”的精神如何与全球化趋势下资本的精神融合？古今中外之变如何解决？时代大潮流中的个人如何选择？激动之余，我们也想听听这样的声音。
【三】:哈佛校长的演讲
（这位是哈佛2007年2月11日宣布就职并于7月份正式上任的校长Drew G. Faust给哈佛大学2008年的本科毕业生做的演讲的讲稿，Drew G. Faust是哈佛历史上第一位女性校长，第一位非哈佛毕业生校长，杰出的历史学家，2001年从宾西法尼业大学到哈佛的Radcliffe学院任教，之前的哈佛上一任校长曾因为公开发表“歧视女性”的言论被迫辞职）
Baccalaureate address to Class of 2008
2008届本科生毕业典礼上的讲话
The Memorial Church
纪念教堂
Cambridge, Mass.
麻省剑桥市
June 3, 2008
2008年6月3日
As prepared for delivery
准备稿
In the curious custom of this venerable institution, I find myself standing before you expected to impart words of lasting wisdom. Here I am in a pulpit, dressed like a Puritan minister — an apparition that would have horrified many of my distinguished forebears and perhaps rededicated some of them to the extirpation of witches. This moment would have propelled Increase and Cotton into a true “Mather lather.” But here I am and there you are and it is the moment of and for Veritas.
在这所久负盛名的大学的别具一格的仪式上，我站在了你们的面前，被期待着给予一些蕴含着恒久智慧的言论。站在这个讲坛上，我穿得像个清教徒教长——一个可能会吓到我的杰出前辈们的怪物，或许使他们中的一些人重新致力于铲除巫婆的事业上。这个时刻也许曾激励了很多清教徒成为教长。但现在，
